A popular 1990s formation tester with a single "pumping" probe and one passive "observation port" displaced 180 deg away, designed to measure pressures at two locations for permeability prediction, encounters well known detection problems at low mobilities. This book, using aerodynamics methods, explains why and also reveals the existence of a wide stagnation zone that hides critical formation details. And it does much more. An exact analytical solution is used to validate a new transient, three-dimensional, finite difference model for more general testers, one that guides new hardware designs with independent azimuthally displaced probes having with different rates, flow schedules and nozzle geometries, supports interpretation and formation evaluation, and assists with job planning at the rigsite. The methods also apply to conventional tools, allowing comparisons between older and newer technologies. Importantly, the authors introduce a completely new three-probe design with independently operable active elements that eliminate all older tool deficiencies. Numerous subjects are discussed, such as pressure transient analyses with multiple operating probes, supercharge analysis with invasion and mudcake buildup, accurate and rapid calculations that allow more than 1,000 simulations per minute, extremely rapid batch mode calculations using convergence acceleration methods, rapid fluid withdrawal with minimal dissolved gas release, dip angle, heterogeneity and anisotropy evaluation, and many other topics. In addition, tool operation sequences, detailed engineering and design functions, field test procedures and laboratory facilities, are discussed and illustrated in photographs that go "behind the scenes" at one of the world’s largest international oil service companies. The book hopes to educate new engineers and veteran engineers alike in hardware and software design at a time when increasing efficiency is crucial and "doing more with less" represents the new norm.

Multiprobe Pressure Testing and Reservoir Characterization: Pressure Transient, Contamination, Liquid and Gas Pumping Analysis provides much-needed three-dimensional pressure transient simulators for job planning and data interpretation in well logging. Discussions cover fundamental concepts, present fluid sampling, pressure transient and contamination analysis; physical concepts and numerical approaches; and multiprobe model formulations and validations. Other sections cover four-probe algorithms, including conventional, overbalanced, and underbalanced drilling applications. The final section addresses triple-probe algorithms, which includes coupled models for pressure and contamination convergence acceleration. Notably, a further chapter explains how the multiprobe tool's focus on characterizing permeability will promote better use of the reservoir as well as assist with energy storage in underground rock, demonstrating how multiprobe tools also facilitate the energy transition from fossil fuels to sustainable geothermal energy. - Reviews present day needs, tool operations, and analysis methods, along with numerous practical examples and applications - Develops a suite of mathematical models, algorithms, and software from first principles - Explains, in detail, how multiprobe pressure logging is superior to using conventional sensors because direct, accurate reservoir characteristics support energy-efficient geothermal designs - Provides an alternative look at the investigation of unconventional reservoirs, not only in terms of hydrocarbon production, but also with carbon and energy storage in mind

A popular 1990s formation tester with a single "pumping" probe and one passive "observation port" displaced 180 deg away, designed to measure pressures at two locations for permeability prediction, encounters well known detection problems at low mobilities. This book, using aerodynamics methods, explains why and also reveals the existence of a wide stagnation zone that hides critical formation details. And it does much more. An exact analytical solution is used to validate a new transient, three-dimensional, finite difference model for more general testers, one that guides new hardware designs with independent azimuthally displaced probes having with different rates, flow schedules and nozzle geometries, supports interpretation and formation evaluation, and assists with job planning at the rigsite. The methods also apply to conventional tools, allowing comparisons between older and newer technologies. Importantly, the authors introduce a completely new three-probe design with independently operable active elements that eliminate all older tool deficiencies. Numerous subjects are discussed, such as pressure transient analyses with multiple operating probes, supercharge analysis with invasion and mudcake buildup, accurate and rapid calculations that allow more than 1,000 simulations per minute, extremely rapid batch mode calculations using convergence acceleration methods, rapid fluid withdrawal with minimal dissolved gas release, dip angle, heterogeneity and anisotropy evaluation, and many other topics. In addition, tool operation sequences, detailed engineering and design functions, field test procedures and laboratory facilities, are discussed and illustrated in photographs that go "behind the scenes" at one of the world’s largest international oil service companies. The book hopes to educate new engineers and veteran engineers alike in hardware and software design at a time when increasing efficiency is crucial and "doing more with less" represents the new norm.

BIOFLUIDS MODELING The first book offering analytical and modern computational solutions to important biofluids problems, such as non-Newtonian flows in blood vessels, clogged arteries and veins, bifurcated arteries and veins, arbitrary stent geometries, tissue properties prediction, and porous media Darcy flow simulation in large-scale organ analysis, this is a must-have for any library. This book introduces new methods for biofluids modeling and biological engineering. The foregoing subjects are treated rigorously, with all modeling assumptions stated and solutions clearly derived. But that’s not all. Key supporting physics-based ideas, algorithmic details, and software design interfaces are equally emphasized, in order to support our overriding objective of getting the anatomical and clinical information that physicians need. Importantly, this volume provides a self-contained exposition that includes all required biological concepts, plus the background preparation needed in fluid mechanics, basic differential equations, and modern numerical analysis. The presentation style will appeal to medical practitioners, researchers, biomedical engineers, and students interested in quantitative fluid flow modeling, as well as engineering students eager to learn about advances in a rapidly growing and changing biological science. As such, the book represents “must-reading” suitable at the advanced undergraduate level, and motivated readers should be able to embark on related research following guided study.

Mysterious "supercharge effects," encountered in formation testing pressure transient analysis, and reservoir invasion, mudcake growth, dynamic filtration, stuck-pipe remediation, and so on, are often discussed in contrasting petrophysical versus drilling contexts. However, these effects are physically coupled and intricately related. The authors focus on a comprehensive formulation, provide solutions for different specialized limits, and develop applications that illustrate how the central ideas can be used in seemingly unrelated disciplines. This approach contributes to a firm understanding of logging and drilling principles. Fortran source code, furnished where applicable, is listed together with recently developed software applications and conveniently summarized throughout the book. In addition, common (incorrect) methods used in the industry are re-analyzed and replaced with more accurate models, which are then used to address challenging field objectives. Sophisticated mathematics is explained in "down to earth" terms, but empirical validations, in this case through Catscan experiments, are used to "keep predictions honest." Similarly, early-time, low mobility, permeability prediction models used in formation testing, several invented by one of the authors, are extended to handle supercharge effects in overbalanced drilling and near-well pressure deficits encountered in underbalanced drilling. These methods are also motivated by reality. For instance, overpressures of 2,000 psi and underpressures near 500 psi are routinely reported in field work, thus imparting a special significance to the methods reported in the book. This new volume discusses old problems and modern challenges, formulates and develops advanced models applicable to both drilling and petrophysical objectives. The presentation focuses on central unifying physical models which are carefully formulated and mathematically solved. The wealth of applications examples and supporting software discussed provides readers with a unified focus behind daily work activities, emphasizing common features and themes rather than unrelated methods and work flows. This comprehensive book is "must" reading for every petroleum engineer.

This reference presents a comprehensive description of flow through porous media and solutions to pressure diffusion problems in homogenous, layered, and heterogeneous reservoirs. It covers the fundamentals of interpretation techniques for formation tester pressure gradients, and pretests, multiprobe and packer pressure transient tests, including derivative, convolution, and pressure-rate and pressure-pressure deconvolution. Emphasis is placed on the maximum likelihood method that enables one to estimate error variances in pressure data along with the unknown formation parameters. - Serves as a training manual for geologists, petrophysicists, and reservoir engineers on formation and pressure transient testing - Offers interpretation techniques for immediate application in the field - Provides detailed coverage of pretests, multiprobe and packer pressure transient tests, including derivative, convolution, and pressure-rate and pressure-pressure deconvolution

Real-world reservoirs are layered, heterogeneous and anisotropic, exposed to water and gas drives, faults, barriers and fractures. They are produced by systems of vertical, deviated, horizontal and multilateral wells whose locations, sizes, shapes and topologies are dictated "on the fly, at random"by petroleum engineers and drillers at well sites. Wells may be pressure or rate-constrained, with these roles re-assigned during simulation with older laterals shut-in, newer wells drilled and brought on stream, and so on. And all are subject to steady and transient production, each satisfying different physical and mathematical laws, making reservoir simulation an art difficult to master and introducing numerous barriers to entry. All of these important processes can now be simulated in any order using rapid, stable and accurate computational models developed over two decades. And what if it were further possible to sketch complicated geologies and lithologies, plus equally complex systems of general wells, layer-by-layer using Windows Notepad? And with no prior reservoir simulation experience and only passing exposure to reservoir engineering principles? Have the user press "Simulate," and literally, within minutes, produce complicated field-wide results, production forecasts, and detailed three-dimensional color pressure plots from integrated graphics algorithms? Developed over years of research, this possibility has become reality. The author, an M.I.T. trained scientist who has authored fifteen original research books, over a hundred papers and forty patents, winner of a prestigious British Petroleum Chairman's Innovation Award in reservoir engineering and a record five awards from the United States Department of Energy, has delivered just such a product, making real-time planning at the well-site simple and practical. Workflows developed from experience as a practicing reservoir engineer are incorporated into "intelligent menus" that make in-depth understanding of simulation principles and readings of user manuals unnecessary. This volume describes new technology for down-to-earth problems using numerous examples performed with our state-of-the-art simulator, one that is available separately at affordable cost and requiring only simple Intel Core i5 computers without specialized graphics boards. The new methods are rigorous, validated and well-documented and are now available for broad petroleum industry application.

Mathematically rigorous, computationally fast, and easy to use, this new approach to electromagnetic well logging gives the reservoir engineer a new dimension to MWD/LWD interpretation and tool design Almost all publications on borehole electromagnetics deal with idealizations that are not acceptable physically. On the other hand, “exact models” are only available through detailed finite element or finite difference analysis, and more often than not, simply describe case studies for special applications. In either case, the models are not available for general use and the value of the publications is questionable. This new approach provides a rigorous, fully three-dimensional solution to the general problem, developed over almost two decades by a researcher familiar with practical applications and mathematical modeling. Completely validated against exact solutions and physics-based checks through over a hundred documented examples, the self-contained model (with special built-in matrix solvers and iteration algorithms) with a “plain English graphical user interface” has been optimized to run extremely fast – seconds per run as opposed to minutes and hours – and then automatically presents all electric and magnetic field results through integrated three-dimensional color graphics. In addition to state-of-the-art algorithms, basic "utility programs" are also developed, such as simple dipole methods, Biot-Savart large diameter models, nonlinear phase and amplitude interpolation algorithms, and so on. Incredibly useful to oilfield practitioners, this volume is a must-have for serious professionals in the field, and all the algorithms have undergone a laborious validation process with real use in the field.