This work deals with J-aggregates, which have a long history of research. The volume covers electronic states, linear and nonlinear optical properties. Various properties and processes of J-aggregates, such as super-radiance, excitons, photon echo, geometrical structure, electron transfer and femtosecond spectroscopy, are discussed.

The second volume of the ultimate reference on the science and applications of aggregation-induced emission The Handbook of Aggregation-Induced Emission explores foundational and advanced topics in aggregation-induced emission, as well as cutting-edge developments in the field, celebrating twenty years of progress and achievement in this important and interdisciplinary field. The three volumes combine to offer readers a comprehensive and insightful interpretation accessible to both new and experienced researchers working on aggregation-induced emission. In Volume 2: Typical AIEgens Design, the editors address the design and synthesis of typical AIEgens that have made significant contributions to aggregation-induced emission research. Recent advances in the development of aggregation-induced emission systems are discussed and the book covers novel aggregation-induced emission systems in small molecule organogels, polymersomes, metal-organic coordination complexes and metal nanoclusters. Readers will also discover: A thorough introduction to the synthesis and applications of tetraphenylpyrazine-based AIEgens, AIEgens based on 9,10-distyrylanthracene , and the Salicylaldehyde Schiff base Practical discussions of aggregation-induced emission from the sixth main group and fluorescence detection of dynamic aggregation processes using AIEgens Coverage of cyclic triimidazole derivatives and the synthesis of multi-phenyl-substituted pyrrole based materials and their applications Perfect for academic researchers working on aggregation-induced emission, this set of volumes is also ideal for professionals and students in the fields of photophysics, photochemistry, materials science, optoelectronic materials, synthetic organic chemistry, macromolecular chemistry, polymer science, and biological sciences.

This work deals with J-aggregates, which have a long history of research. The volume covers electronic states, linear and nonlinear optical properties. Various properties and processes of J-aggregates, such as super-radiance, excitons, photon echo, geometrical structure, electron transfer and femtosecond spectroscopy, are discussed.

This book provides an introduction to the important methods of chiroptical spectroscopy in general, and circular dichroism (CD) in particular, which are increasingly important in all areas of chemistry, biochemistry, and structural biology. The book can be used as a text for undergraduate and graduate students and as a reference for researchers in academia and industry. Experimental methods and instrumentation are described with topics ranging from the most widely used methods (electronic and vibrational CD) to frontier areas such as nonlinear spectroscopy and photoelectron CD, as well as the theory of chiroptical methods and techniques for simulating chiroptical properties. Applications of chiroptical spectroscopy to problems in organic stereochemistry, inorganic stereochemistry, and biochemistry and structural biology are also discussed, and each chapter is written by one or more leading authorities with extensive experience in the field.

The production of textile materials comprises a very large and complex global industry that utilises a diverse range of fibre types and creates a variety of textile products. As the great majority of such products are coloured, predominantly using aqueous dyeing processes, the coloration of textiles is a large-scale global business in which complex procedures are used to apply different types of dye to the various types of textile material. The development of such dyeing processes is the result of substantial research activity, undertaken over many decades, into the physico-chemical aspects of dye adsorption and the establishment of ‘dyeing theory’, which seeks to describe the mechanism by which dyes interact with textile fibres. Physico-Chemical Aspects of Textile Coloration provides a comprehensive treatment of the physical chemistry involved in the dyeing of the major types of natural, man-made and synthetic fibres with the principal types of dye. The book covers: fundamental aspects of the physical and chemical structure of both fibres and dyes, together with the structure and properties of water, in relation to dyeing; dyeing as an area of study as well as the terminology employed in dyeing technology and science; contemporary views of intermolecular forces and the nature of the interactions that can occur between dyes and fibres at a molecular level; fundamental principles involved in dyeing theory, as represented by the thermodynamics and kinetics of dye sorption; detailed accounts of the mechanism of dyeing that applies to cotton (and other cellulosic fibres), polyester, polyamide, wool, polyacrylonitrile and silk fibres; non-aqueous dyeing, as represented by the use of air, organic solvents and supercritical CO2 fluid as alternatives to water as application medium. The up-to-date text is supported by a large number of tables, figures and illustrations as well as footnotes and widespread use of references to published work. The book is essential reading for students, teachers, researchers and professionals involved in textile coloration.

Nanospectroscopy addresses the spectroscopy of very small objects down to single molecules or atoms, or high-resolution spectroscopy performed on regions much smaller than the wavelength of light, revealing their local optical, electronic and chemical properties. This work highlights modern examples where optical nanospectroscopy is exploited in modern photonics, optical sensing, the life sciences, medicine, or state-of-the-art applications in material, chemical and biological sciences. Two-volume graduate textbook "Optical Nanospectroscopy" by the editors: Vol. 1: Fundamentals & Methods. Vol. 2: Instrumentation, Simulation & Materials.

Fluorescence is the most popular technique in chemical and biological sensing because of its ultimate sensitivity, high temporal and spatial resolution and versatility that enables imaging within the living cells. It develops rapidly in the directions of constructing new molecular recognition units, new fluorescence reporters and in improving sensitivity of response up to detection of single molecules. Its application areas range from control of industrial processes to environment monitoring and clinical diagnostics. This book provides systematic knowledge of basic principles in design of fluorescence sensing and imaging techniques together with critical analysis of recent developments. Being a guide for students and young researchers, it also addresses professionals involved in active basic and applied research. Making a strong link between education, research and product development, this book discusses prospects for future progress.

This two volume set introduces the up-to-date high-tech applications of Aggregation-Induced Emission (AIE) luminogens in biosensor, bioimaging, and biomedicine. The 2nd volume presents the applications of AIE materials in biomedicine, including the utilizations in biomedical polymers, organic nanoprobes, photosensitizer, AIEgens-based delivery systems, etc. It is an essential reference for materials scientists, physicists and biological chemists.

Aggregation function is an important component in an information aggregation or information fusion system. Interrelationships usually exist between the input arguments (e.g., the criteria in the multicriteria decision making) of an aggregation function. In this paper, we make a comprehensive survey on the aggregation operators (AOs) that consider the argument interrelationships in crisp and fuzzy settings. In particular, we discuss the mechanisms of modeling the argument interrelationships of the Choquet integral (CI), the power average (PA), the Bonferroni mean (BM), the Heronian mean (HM), and the Maclaurin symmetric mean (MSM) operators, and introduce their extended (e.g., generalized or weighted) forms and their applications in different fuzzy sets. In addition, we compare these ve types of operators and summarize their advantages and disadvantages. Furthermore, we discuss the applications of these operators. Finally, we identify some future research directions in the AOs considering the argument interrelationships. The reviewed papers are mainly about the development of the CI, the PA, the BM, the HM, and the MSM in (fuzzy) MCDMs, most of which fall in the period of 20092018.

Alkali-Aggregate Reaction in Concrete: A World Review is unique in providing authoritative and up to date expert information on the causes and effects of Alkali-Aggregate Reaction (AAR) in concrete structures worldwide. In 1992 a first edition entitled The Alkali-Silica Reaction in Concrete, edited by Professor Narayan Swamy, was published in a first attempt to cover this concrete problem from a global perspective, but the coverage was incomplete. This completely new edition offers a fully updated and more universal coverage of the world situation concerning AAR and includes a wealth of new evidence and research information that has accumulated in the intervening years. Although there are various textbooks offering readers sections that deal with AAR deterioration and damage to concrete, no other single book brings together the views of recognised international experts in the field, and the wealth of scattered research information that is available. It provides a ‘state of the art’ review and deals authoritatively with the mechanisms of AAR, its diagnosis and how to treat concrete affected by AAR. It is illustrated by numerous actual examples from around the world, and comprises specialist contributions provided by senior engineers and scientists from many parts of the world. The book is divided into two distinct but complementary parts. The first five chapters deal with the most recent findings concerning the mechanisms involved in the reaction, methods concerning its diagnosis, testing and evaluation, together with an appraisal of current methods used in its avoidance and in the remediation of affected concrete structures. The second part is divided into eleven chapters covering each region of the world in turn. These chapters have been written by experts with specialist knowledge of AAR in the countries involved and include an authoritative appraisal of the problem and its solution as it affects concrete structures in the region. Such an authoritative compilation of information on AAR has not been attempted previously on this scale and this work is therefore an essential source for practising and research civil engineers, consultant engineers and materials scientists, as well as aggregate and cement producers, designers and concrete suppliers, especially regarding projects outside their own region.