Issues in Logic, Operations, and Computational Mathematics and Geometry: 2013 Edition is a ScholarlyEditions™ book that delivers timely, authoritative, and comprehensive information about Random Structures and Algorithms. The editors have built Issues in Logic, Operations, and Computational Mathematics and Geometry: 2013 Edition on the vast information databases of ScholarlyNews.™ You can expect the information about Random Structures and Algorithms in this book to be deeper than what you can access anywhere else, as well as consistently reliable, authoritative, informed, and relevant. The content of Issues in Logic, Operations, and Computational Mathematics and Geometry: 2013 Edition has been produced by the world’s leading scientists, engineers, analysts, research institutions, and companies. All of the content is from peer-reviewed sources, and all of it is written, assembled, and edited by the editors at ScholarlyEditions™ and available exclusively from us. You now have a source you can cite with authority, confidence, and credibility. More information is available at http://www.ScholarlyEditions.com/.

Issues in Logic, Operations, and Computational Mathematics and Geometry: 2012 Edition is a ScholarlyEditions™ eBook that delivers timely, authoritative, and comprehensive information about Computational Mathematics. The editors have built Issues in Logic, Operations, and Computational Mathematics and Geometry: 2012 Edition on the vast information databases of ScholarlyNews.™ You can expect the information about Computational Mathematics in this eBook to be deeper than what you can access anywhere else, as well as consistently reliable, authoritative, informed, and relevant. The content of Issues in Logic, Operations, and Computational Mathematics and Geometry: 2012 Edition has been produced by the world’s leading scientists, engineers, analysts, research institutions, and companies. All of the content is from peer-reviewed sources, and all of it is written, assembled, and edited by the editors at ScholarlyEditions™ and available exclusively from us. You now have a source you can cite with authority, confidence, and credibility. More information is available at http://www.ScholarlyEditions.com/.

Issues in Logic, Operations, and Computational Mathematics and Geometry: 2011 Edition is a ScholarlyEditions™ eBook that delivers timely, authoritative, and comprehensive information about Logic, Operations, and Computational Mathematics and Geometry. The editors have built Issues in Logic, Operations, and Computational Mathematics and Geometry: 2011 Edition on the vast information databases of ScholarlyNews.™ You can expect the information about Logic, Operations, and Computational Mathematics and Geometry in this eBook to be deeper than what you can access anywhere else, as well as consistently reliable, authoritative, informed, and relevant. The content of Issues in Logic, Operations, and Computational Mathematics and Geometry: 2011 Edition has been produced by the world’s leading scientists, engineers, analysts, research institutions, and companies. All of the content is from peer-reviewed sources, and all of it is written, assembled, and edited by the editors at ScholarlyEditions™ and available exclusively from us. You now have a source you can cite with authority, confidence, and credibility. More information is available at http://www.ScholarlyEditions.com/.

Presented in this volume are a number of new results concerning the extension theory and spectral theory of unbounded operators using the recent notions of boundary triplets and boundary relations. This approach relies on linear single-valued and multi-valued maps, isometric in a Krein space sense, and offers a basic framework for recent developments in system theory. Central to the theory are analytic tools such as Weyl functions, including Titchmarsh-Weyl m-functions and Dirichlet-to-Neumann maps. A wide range of topics is considered in this context from the abstract to the applied, including boundary value problems for ordinary and partial differential equations; infinite-dimensional perturbations; local point-interactions; boundary and passive control state/signal systems; extension theory of accretive, sectorial and symmetric operators; and Calkin's abstract boundary conditions. This accessible treatment of recent developments, written by leading researchers, will appeal to a broad range of researchers, students and professionals.

The Foundations of Computational Mathematics meetings are a platform for cross-fertilisation between numerical analysis, mathematics and computer science. This volume is a collection of articles based on plenary presentations, given at the 2011 meeting, by some of the world's foremost authorities in computational mathematics. The topics covered reflect the breadth of research within the area as well as the richness of interactions between seemingly unrelated branches of pure and applied mathematics. As a result this volume will be of interest to researchers in the field of computational mathematics and also to non-experts who wish to gain some insight into the state of the art in this active and significant field.

This book is dedicated to the memory of Professor Zdzis{\l}aw Pawlak who passed away almost six year ago. He is the founder of the Polish school of Artificial Intelligence and one of the pioneers in Computer Engineering and Computer Science with worldwide influence. He was a truly great scientist, researcher, teacher and a human being. This book prepared in two volumes contains more than 50 chapters. This demonstrates that the scientific approaches discovered by of Professor Zdzis{\l}aw Pawlak, especially the rough set approach as a tool for dealing with imperfect knowledge, are vivid and intensively explored by many researchers in many places throughout the world. The submitted papers prove that interest in rough set research is growing and is possible to see many new excellent results both on theoretical foundations and applications of rough sets alone or in combination with other approaches. We are proud to offer the readers this book.

This book presents chapters exploring the most recent developments in the role of technology in proving. The full range of topics related to this theme are explored, including computer proving, digital collaboration among mathematicians, mathematics teaching in schools and universities, and the use of the internet as a site of proof learning. Proving is sometimes thought to be the aspect of mathematical activity most resistant to the influence of technological change. While computational methods are well known to have a huge importance in applied mathematics, there is a perception that mathematicians seeking to derive new mathematical results are unaffected by the digital era. The reality is quite different. Digital technologies have transformed how mathematicians work together, how proof is taught in schools and universities, and even the nature of proof itself. Checking billions of cases in extremely large but finite sets, impossible a few decades ago, has now become a standard method of proof. Distributed proving, by teams of mathematicians working independently on sections of a problem, has become very much easier as digital communication facilitates the sharing and comparison of results. Proof assistants and dynamic proof environments have influenced the verification or refutation of conjectures, and ultimately how and why proof is taught in schools. And techniques from computer science for checking the validity of programs are being used to verify mathematical proofs. Chapters in this book include not only research reports and case studies, but also theoretical essays, reviews of the state of the art in selected areas, and historical studies. The authors are experts in the field.

This complete introduction to the study of arithmetic differential operators over the p-adic integers offers graduate students and researchers an accessible guide to this novel and promising area of mathematics. It starts with the basics and is accessible to anyone with a basic grasp of algebraic number theory.

This is the first Supplementary volume to Kluwer's highly acclaimed Encyclopaedia of Mathematics. This additional volume contains nearly 600 new entries written by experts and covers developments and topics not included in the already published 10-volume set. These entries have been arranged alphabetically throughout. A detailed index is included in the book. This Supplementary volume enhances the existing 10-volume set. Together, these eleven volumes represent the most authoritative, comprehensive up-to-date Encyclopaedia of Mathematics available.

This book brings together several directions of work in model theory between the late 1950s and early 1980s.