Issues in Applied Physics / 2012 Edition is a ScholarlyEditions™ eBook that delivers timely, authoritative, and comprehensive information about Radiation Research. The editors have built Issues in Applied Physics: 2012 Edition on the vast information databases of ScholarlyNews.™ You can expect the information about Radiation Research in this eBook to be deeper than what you can access anywhere else, as well as consistently reliable, authoritative, informed, and relevant. The content of Issues in Applied Physics: 2012 Edition has been produced by the world’s leading scientists, engineers, analysts, research institutions, and companies. All of the content is from peer-reviewed sources, and all of it is written, assembled, and edited by the editors at ScholarlyEditions™ and available exclusively from us. You now have a source you can cite with authority, confidence, and credibility. More information is available at http://www.ScholarlyEditions.com/.

Issues in Applied Physics / 2013 Edition is a ScholarlyEditions™ book that delivers timely, authoritative, and comprehensive information about Medical Physics. The editors have built Issues in Applied Physics: 2013 Edition on the vast information databases of ScholarlyNews.™ You can expect the information about Medical Physics in this book to be deeper than what you can access anywhere else, as well as consistently reliable, authoritative, informed, and relevant. The content of Issues in Applied Physics / 2013 Edition has been produced by the world’s leading scientists, engineers, analysts, research institutions, and companies. All of the content is from peer-reviewed sources, and all of it is written, assembled, and edited by the editors at ScholarlyEditions™ and available exclusively from us. You now have a source you can cite with authority, confidence, and credibility. More information is available at http://www.ScholarlyEditions.com/.

Spin waves (and their quanta magnons) can effectively carry and process information in magnetic nanostructures. By analogy to photonics, this research field is labelled magnonics. It comprises the study of excitation, detection, and manipulation of magnons. From the practical point of view, the most attractive feature of magnonic devices is the controllability of their functioning by an external magnetic field. This book has been designed for students and researchers working in magnetism. Here the readers will find review articles written by leading experts working on realization of magnonic devices.

ÔAdvances in Optics: ReviewsÕ Book Series is a comprehensive study of the field of optics, which provides readers with the most up-to-date coverage of optics, photonics and lasers with a good balance of practical and theoretical aspects. Directed towards both physicists and engineers this Book Series is also suitable for audiences focusing on applications of optics. A clear comprehensive presentation makes these books work well as both a teaching resources and a reference books. The book is intended for researchers and scientists in physics and optics, in academia and industry, as well as postgraduate students. The Vol.1 is devoted to various topics of optics and optic instrumentation, and contains 17 chapters written by 36 experts in the field from 15 countries: Brazil, China, Denmark, France, Germany, India, Japan, Mexico, Russia, Turkey, Slovenia, South Korea, UK, Ukraine and USA.

The Vol.1 devoted to various topics of optics and optic instrumentation, and contains 17 chapters written by 36 experts in the field from 15 countries: Brazil, China, Denmark, France, Germany, India, Japan, Mexico, Russia, Turkey, Slovenia, South Korea, UK, Ukraine and USA. 'Advances in Optics: Reviews' Book Series is a comprehensive study of the field of optics, which provides readers with the most up-to-date coverage of optics, photonics and lasers with a good balance of practical and theoretical aspects. Directed towards both physicists and engineers this Book Series is also suitable for audiences focusing on applications of optics. A clear comprehensive presentation makes these books work well as both a teaching resources and a reference books. The book is intended for researchers and scientists in physics and optics, in academia and industry, as well as postgraduate students.

Two large international conferences on Advances in Engineering Sciences were held in Hong Kong, March 12-14, 2014, under the International MultiConference of Engineers and Computer Scientists (IMECS 2014), and in London, UK, 2-4 July, 2014, under the World Congress on Engineering 2014 (WCE 2014) respectively. This volume contains 37 revised and extended research articles written by prominent researchers participating in the conferences. Topics covered include engineering mathematics, computer science, electrical engineering, manufacturing engineering, industrial engineering, and industrial applications. The book offers tremendous state-of-the-art advances in engineering sciences and also serves as an excellent reference work for researchers and graduate students working with/on engineering sciences.

In the history of computing hardware,Moore’s law, named after Intel co-founder Gordon E. Moore, describes a long-termtrend, whereby the number of transistors that can be placed inexpensively on an integrated circuit doubles approximately every two years [1]. Because the number of transistors is crucial for computing performance, significant performance gains could be achieved simply through complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) transistor downscaling. AlthoughMoore’s law, which was mentioned for the first time in 1965, turned out to persist for almost five decades, the nano era poses significant problems to the concept of downscaling [2]. Upon approaching the size of atoms, quantumeffects, such as quantum tunneling, pose fundamental barriers to the trend. Furthermore, the conventional computing paradigm based on the Von-Neumann architecture and binary logic becomes increasingly inefficient considering the growing complexity of todays computational tasks. Hence, new computational paradigms and alternative information processing architectures must be explored to extend the capabilities of future information technology beyond digital logic. A fantastic example for such an alternative information processing architecture is the human brain. The brain provides superior computational features such as ultrahigh density of processing units, low energy consumption per computational event, ultrahigh parallelism in computational execution, extremely flexible plasticity of connections between processing units and fault-tolerant computing provided by a huge number of computational entities. Compared to today’s programmable computers, biological systems are six to nine orders of magnitude more efficient in complex environments [3]. For instance: simulating five seconds of brain activity takes IBM’s state-of-the-art supercomputer Blue Gene a hundred times as long, i.e. 500 s, during which it consumes 1.4 MWof power, whereas the power dissipation in the human central nervous system is of the order of 10W[4, 5]. Thus, it is not only extremely interesting but in terms of computational progress also highly desirable to understand how information is processed in the human brain. The conceptual idea developed within the framework of this thesis tries to contribute to this intention. In contrast to most recent research dealing with the simulation and emulation of specific connections between nerve cells [5–12], the work of this thesis focuses on investigating, on [...]

Advances in chemical engineering are focused on intensification of reactions, unit operations and mechanical operations. Intensification facilitates reduction in cost, size and increase in conversion, separation and selectivity. In case of distillation, reactive distillation can reduce energy cost and increase product quality considerably compared to conventional reactor- separator method. Similar advantages can be considered for reaction adsorption and other reactive separations. Use of non-renewable energy sources can reduce burden on conventional feed stocks and reduce carbon foot prints. Nano materials are gaining importance due to their unique properties. Application of nanomaterial for process intensification is being explored in mass transfer, heat transfer and reaction engineering. The composition of flue gases depends on raw material and process. It is important to have adequate knowledge of these aspects while selecting treatment methods. Various chemical conversion methods are effective for the treatment of flue gases. The recovery of components from flue gases involves adsorption, absorption, stripping, and desorption methods. This book contains one chapter on food adulteration also. Food adulteration is very increasing and dangerous phenomenon. It is being practiced from ancient times. Adulteration for maximizing profit is very commonly practiced unethical practice. There is need for increasing moral and ethical values. There is need for people friendly methods for analysing or at least identification of adulterations. Also use of branded items can minimize harms due to adulteration. The chapters in this book are focused on non-renewable energy (chapters 1, 5, 9), water treatment and recycle (chapters 4, 10, 11, 12), use of advanced materials for catalysts (chapters 2, 3, 13), flue gas heat recovery (14), Intensification of unit operations (5, 6, 7, 8) and adulteration in food products.

Issues in Specialized Chemical and Chemistry Topics: 2013 Edition is a ScholarlyEditions™ book that delivers timely, authoritative, and comprehensive information about Magnetic Resonance. The editors have built Issues in Specialized Chemical and Chemistry Topics: 2013 Edition on the vast information databases of ScholarlyNews.™ You can expect the information about Magnetic Resonance in this book to be deeper than what you can access anywhere else, as well as consistently reliable, authoritative, informed, and relevant. The content of Issues in Specialized Chemical and Chemistry Topics: 2013 Edition has been produced by the world’s leading scientists, engineers, analysts, research institutions, and companies. All of the content is from peer-reviewed sources, and all of it is written, assembled, and edited by the editors at ScholarlyEditions™ and available exclusively from us. You now have a source you can cite with authority, confidence, and credibility. More information is available at http://www.ScholarlyEditions.com/.

Sensors and Biosensors, MEMS Technologies and its Applications (Book Series: Advances in Sensors: Reviews, Vol. 2) - 18 chapters with sensor related state-of-the-art reviews and descriptions of the latest achievements written by experts from academia and industry from 12 countries: China, India, Iran, Malaysia, Poland, Singapore, Spain, Taiwan, Thailand, UK, Ukraine and USA. This volume is divided into three main parts: physical sensors, biosensors, nanoparticles, MEMS technologies and applications. With this unique combination of information in each volume, the Advances in Sensors: Reviews Book Series will be of value for scientists and engineers in industry and at universities, to sensors developers, distributors, and users. Like the 1st volume of this Book Series, the 2nd volume also has been organized by topics of high interest.