The first comprehensive book on intermittent drying, Intermittent and Nonstationary Drying Technologies: Principles and Applications demonstrates the benefits of this process and covers key issues, including technologies, effect of operating parameters, mathematical modelling, energy-efficiency, and product quality. It discusses such topics as periodic drying, conventional and intermittent food drying processes and food quality, relationship among intermittency of drying, microstructural changes, and food quality, microwave assisted pulsed fluidized and spouted bed drying, and cellular level water distribution. Aimed at food engineers, chemical product engineers, pharmaceutical engineers and technologists, plant design engineers, and researchers and students in these areas, this useful reference helps readers:

This book presents a comprehensive review of renewable energy-based sustainable drying techniques for developing countries. Aspiring towards a world with zero food waste, the book has provided discussion on sustainable drying techniques in terms of energy efficiency. The socio-economic condition of each developing country is unique; therefore, has specific technological requirements. As such, the book presents discussions on food waste scenario around the world, the socio-economic status of developing countries and their correlation with food. The book gives an overview of the quality aspects of drying, along with the required energy and time to retain these features. Additionally, a method of selecting drying techniques for developing countries, taking the cost and safety factor into consideration, has been discussed extensively Also, the renewable and non-renewable energy resources of low income, lower-middle income, middle income, and high-income developing countries have been analyzed and presented. The book also highlights the available drying techniques that are currently being practiced by the consumers and industries of developing countries. The book recommends ten sustainable drying technologies for the developing countries and describes their working principle. Discussion on potential challenges for sustainable drying technology adoption is also presented. The book presents up-to-date research on sustainable drying techniques and their impact on developing countries to reduce food waste. Food waste is not only a humanitarian concern but also a threat to environmental sustainability. Currently, one-third of all produced food is being wasted, when nearly 805 million people - including children remain undernourished on a daily basis. In an effort to solve this crisis, a number of food preservations techniques are being practiced in food supply chain. Drying is one such preservation technique that prevents microbial proliferation, slows enzymatic reaction and preserves the physio-chemical properties of food. Albeit, drying is an effective means of food preservation; it is also highly energy-intensive. Developing countries do not have sufficient energy and financial resources to adopt conventional (expensive and high energy) drying techniques. As such, this is the first reference work dedicated to discussing the prospects and challenges of sustainable (renewable energy based and inexpensive) drying techniques for developing countries in order to reduce food waste. Sustainable food drying techniques in developing countries: Prospects and Challenges is a singular work in the field of food preservation and affordable drying technology.

Although strides have been made to quantitatively explore micro-level structural changes during food processing using advanced technologies, there is currently no comprehensive book that details these developments. Therefore, the research community and related industries are not fully aware of the available techniques. Advanced Micro-Level Experimental Techniques for Food Drying and Processing Applications fills this gap. The book has been written based on the authors’ comprehensive knowledge and application of microimaging methods in the thermal processing of food. Features Describes the latest micro-level experimental methods primarily using microimaging techniques Presents detailed procedures of applying these techniques in food processing Highlights the current challenges of developing efficient and novel food processing systems Describes the fundamentals of water transport processes and associated morphological changes during thermal processing of food materials This book is written for researchers, chemical, food, and industrial engineers and advanced students seeking to solve problems of industrial food processing.

The goal of all drying research and development is to develop cost-effective innovative processes that yield high-quality dried products with less energy consumption and reduced environmental impact. With the literature on drying widely scattered, Advanced Drying Technologies for Foods compiles under one cover concise, authoritative, up-to-date assessments of modern drying technologies applied to foods. This book assembles a number of internationally recognized experts to provide critical reviews of advanced drying technologies, their merits and limitations, application areas and research opportunities for further development. Features: Provides critical reviews of advanced drying technologies Discusses the merits and limitations of a variety of food drying technologies Explains drying kinetics, energy consumption and quality of food products Reviews the principles and recent applications of superheated steam drying The first four chapters deal with recent developments in field-assisted drying technologies. These include drying techniques with the utilization of electromagnetic fields to deliver energy required for drying, for example, microwave drying, radio frequency drying, electrohydrodynamic drying, and infrared radiation drying. The remainder of this book covers a wide assortment of recently developed technologies, which include pulse drying, swell drying, impinging stream drying, and selected advances in spray drying. The final chapter includes some innovative technologies which are gaining ground and are covered in depth in a number of review articles and handbooks, and hence covered briefly in the interest completeness. This book is a valuable reference work for researchers in academia as well as industry and will encourage further research and development and innovations in food drying technologies.

This book covers all technologies, developments, and innovations for the manure treatment to explore various strategies for nutrient recovery as well as energy production around the globe. The main task of the present book is to explain readers the environmental parameters effect livestock production and living standard of rural and urban communities and how green technologies are useful for manure recycling and management. The chapters in the book present an up-to-date information on alternate use of the technology by recycled agriculture bio-based livestock hence stimulating intensive agriculture and animal husbandry to sustain such growth. This book presents an overview on manure utilization through diverse industrial applications to support the ongoing research and development in green sustainable commercial products. The book can serve as a holistic reference source for university undergraduate/graduate students, researchers and scientists working in the area of farm management and green technology.

With more than 12M tons of dairy powders produced each year at a global scale, the drying sector accounts to a large extent for the processing of milk and whey. It is generally considered that 40% of the dry matter collected overall ends up in a powder form. Moreover, nutritional dairy products presented in a dry form (eg, infant milk formulae) have grown quickly over the last decade, now accounting for a large share of the profit of the sector. Drying in the Dairy Industry: From Established Technologies to Advanced Innovations deals with the market of dairy powders issues, considering both final product and process as well as their interrelationships. It explains the different processing steps for the production of dairy powders including membrane, homogenisation, concentration and agglomeration processes. The book includes a presentation of the current technologies, the more recent development for each of them and their impact on the quality of the final powders. Lastly, one section is dedicated to recent innovations and methods directed to more sustainable processes, as well as latter developments at lab scale to go deeper in the understanding of the phenomena occurring during spray drying. Key Features: Presents state-of-the-art information on the production of a variety of different dairy powders Discusses the impact of processing parameters and drier design on the product quality such as protein denaturation and viability of probiotics Explains the impact of drying processes on the powder properties such as solubility, dispersibility, wettability, flowability, floodability, and hygroscopicity Covers the technology, modelling and control of the processing steps This book is a synthetic and complete reference work for researchers in academia and industry in order to encourage research and development and innovations in drying in the dairy industry.

The drying stage is important in biotechnological and chemical processes because it allows the pretreatment of feedstocks with different moisture contents for their physical or chemical transformation. Drying also enables the post-treatment of products for their final presentation and packaging, thus having wide application in the food, agro-industrial, pharmaceutical, and chemical industries. Current Drying Processes presents recent advances in the development of drying operations through the presentation of chapters dealing with theoretical and experimental aspects of different technologies, namely solar, convective, fluidized, and ultrasonic drying, for organic and inorganic materials.

Encapsulation of bioactives is a fast-growing approach in the food and pharmaceutical industry. Spray Drying Encapsulation of Bioactive Materials serves as a source of information to offer specialized and in-depth knowledge on the most well-known and used encapsulation technology (i.e., spray drying) and corresponding advances. It describes the efficacy of spray drying in terms of its advantages and challenges for encapsulation of bioactive ingredients. Discusses the potential of this technique to pave the way toward cost-effective, industrially relevant, reproducible, and scalable processes that are critical to the development of delivery systems for bioactive incorporation into innovative functional food products and pharmaceuticals Presents the latest research outcomes related to spray drying technology and the encapsulation of various bioactive materials Covers advances in spray drying technology that may result in a more efficient encapsulation of bioactive ingredients Includes computational fluid dynamics, advanced drying processes, as well as the morphology of the dried particles, drying kinetics analyzers, process controllers and adaptive feedback systems, inline powder analysis technologies, and cleaning-in-place equipment Aimed at food manufacturers, pharmacists, and chemical engineers, this work is of interest to anyone engaged in encapsulation of bioactive ingredients for both nutraceutical and pharmaceutical applications.

Freeze Drying of Pharmaceutical Products provides an overview of the most recent and cutting-edge developments and technologies in the field, focusing on formulation developments and process monitoring and considering new technologies for process development. This book contains case studies from freeze dryer manufacturers and pharmaceutical companies for readers in industry and academia. It was contributed to by lyophilization experts to create a detailed analysis of the subject matter, organically presenting recent advancements in freeze-drying research and technology. It discusses formulation design, process optimization and control, new PAT-monitoring tools, multivariate image analysis, process scale-down and development using small-scale freeze-dryers, use of CFD for equipment design, and development of continuous processes. This book is for industry professionals, including chemical engineers and pharmaceutical scientists.

This book discusses conventional as well as unconventional wood drying technologies. It covers fundamental thermophysical and energetic aspects and integrates two complex thermodynamic systems, conventional kilns and heat pumps, aimed at improving the energy performance of dryers and the final quality of dried lumber. It discusses advanced components, kiln energy requirements, modeling, and software and emphasizes dryer/heat pump optimum coupling, control, and energy efficiency. Problems are included in most chapters as practical, numerical examples for process and system/components calculation and design. The book presents promising advancements and R&D challenges and future requirements.