The objects of the American Meteorological Society are "the development and dissemination of knowledge of meteorology in all its phases and applications, and the advancement of its professional ideals." The organization of the Society took place in affiliation with the American Association for the Advancement of Science at Saint Louis, Missouri, December 29, 1919, and its incorporation, at Washington, D. C., January 21, 1920. The work of the Society is carried on by the Bulletin, the Journal, and Meteorological Monographs, by papers and discussions at meetings of the Society, through the offices of the Secretary and the Executive Secretary, and by correspondence. All of the Americas are represented in the membership of the Society as well as many foreign countries.e Base, Washington, D. C./divVice-President: FREDERIC A. BERRY, M.S., Rear Admiral,U.S.N. (Ret.), Aerometric Research Inc., Goleta,Calif.Secretary: THOMAS F. MALONE, Sc.D., Director of Research,The Travelers Insurance Companies, Hart·ford, Conn.Treasurer: HENRY DEC. WARD, A.B., Vice-President, Eatonand Howard, Inc., Boston, Mass.Executive Secretary: .KENNETH C. SPENGLER, A.B., S Joy St., Boston 8, Mass.COUNCILORSHoRACE R. BYERS, Sc.D., Professor and Chairman, Dept.of Meteorology, University of Chicago, Chicago,Ill. (Past President, 1952-54, ex-officio Councilor.)ARTHUR F. MEREWETHER, S.M., Superintendent of WeatherServices, American Airlines, Inc., New York, N. Y.(Past President, 1954-56, ex-officio Councilor.)Terms expire in 1958PHIL E. CHURCH, Ph.D., Professor and Executive Officer,Dept. of Meteorology and Climatology, Universityof Washington, Seattle, Wash.HENRY G. HouGHTON, Sc.D. (Hon.), Professor and Head,Dept. of Meteorology, Massachusetts Institute ofTechnology, Cambridge, Mass.ALFRED H. GLENN, M.S., Director, A. H. Glenn and Associates,New Orleans, La.JACK C. THOMPSON, A.B., Scientific Services Division, U.S.Weather Bureau, Washington, D. C.JAMES E. MILLER, M.S., Professor of Meteorology, NewYork University, New York, N. Y.Terms expire in 1959HARRY WEXLER, Sc.D., Director of Meteorological Re- PHIUP D. THOMPSON, Sc.D., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S.A.F.,search, U. S. Weather Bureau, Washington, D. C. Chief, Development Section, Joint NumericalJoSEPH J. GEORGE, Superintendent of Meteorology, East- Weather Prediction Unit, Suitland, Md.ern Air Lines, Atlanta, Ga. WERNER A. BAUM, Ph.D., Professor and Head, Dept. ofHELMUT E. LANDSBERG, Ph.D., Director, Office of Climatol- Meteorology, Florida State University, Tallahassee,ogy, U.S. Weather Bureau, Washington, D. C. Fla.Terms expire in 1960GEORGE P. CREssMAN, Ph.D., Director, Joint NumericalWeather Prediction Unit, Suitlan , Md.] oHN C. BELLAMY, Ph.D., Associate Director, Research LaboratoriesDivision, Cook Electric Co., Chicago, Ill.RICHARD A. CRAIG, Sc.D., Section Chief, AtmosphericAnalysis Laboratory, Air Force Cambridge ResearchCenter, Boston, Massachusetts.GORDON D. CARTWRIGHT, B.S., Chief, Station Facilitiesand Observations Division, U. S. Weather Bureau,Washington, D. C.RoBERT G. FLEAGLE, Ph.D., Professor of Meteorology andClimatology, University of Washington, Seattle,Wash.PUBLICATIONS COMMITTEEJ. M. AuSTIN, ChairmanD. M. LUDLUM, ex-officioHORACE R. BYERSWILUAM R. GOMMELWERNER A. BAUM, ex-officioJ. J. GEORGEMembership Dues and PrivilegesMALCOLM RIGBY, ex-officioIn January 1945, the American Meteorological Society was reorganized as a professional Society and a professionalmembership classification created. Qualifications for professional membership may be obtained fromthe Executive Secretary's office. In October 1951, additional membership classifications of Associate Memberand Student Member were created. The yearly dues for the types of membership available in the Society are:Associate Member, $3.00; Student Member, $5.00; Member, $7.00; Professional Member, $12.00; CorporationMember, $100.00. Any member contributing five dollars or more annually over and above his dues is listedas a Contributor. Any one contributing one hundred dollars or more annually is listed as a Patron. Allmembers except Associate Members of the Society receive the Bulletin, the official organ of the Society. Professionalmembers and corporation members also receive the journal of Meteorology. All members of the Societyreceive the popular publication, W eatherwise. Eight or ten national meetings and conferences are heldeach year. Numerous local branches are organized in cities throughout this country and abroad. All membersof the Society are free to use the facilities of the Employment Service, Vocational and Educational Guidance.All inquiries concerning membership, subscriptions, national and local meetings, purchasing or borrowingof meteorological literature, should be addressed to the Executive Secretary, 3 Joy Street, Boston 8,Massachusetts.

The editors intend that this book conveys the remarkable variety and fundamental importance of the late Helmut E. Landsberg's many contributions to the science of climatology and its practice over a very productive 55-year career. We thank the distinguished authors for their contributions. We also thank Corinne Preston and Charlene Mann for their invaluable word-processing assistance and preparation of camera-ready copy. Finally, we thank Joshua Holland for permission to reproduce his portrait of Landsberg, and Jeanne Moody for preparation of the index. F. Baer N. L. Canfield J. M. Mitchell Editors vii CONTRmUTORS Ferdinand Baer, Department of Meteorology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA Norman L. Canfield, Department of Meteorology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA Dennis M. Driscoll, Department of Meteorology, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas, USA William H. Haggard, Climatological Consulting Corporation, Asheville, North Carolina, USA David M. Ludlum, Founding Editor, Weatherwise, Princeton, New Jersey, USA Thomas F. Malone, St. Joseph College, West Hartford, Connecticut, USA J. Murray Mitchell, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (retired), McLean, Virginia, USA Timothy R. Oke, Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Joseph Smagorinsky, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (retired), Princeton, New Jersey, USA Hessam Taba, World Meteorological Organization (retired), Geneva, Switzerland Morley Thomas, Atmospheric Environment Service (retired), Downsview, Ontario, Canada. IX OVERVIEW Ferdinand Baer Helmut E.

First published in 1969, Water, Earth, and Man, was written to demonstrate the advantages of adopting a unified view of the earth and social sciences. The book considers the connection between an understanding of physical environments and an understanding of social environments. It explores the hydrologic cycle and highlights the significance of the relationship between natural environments and the activities of humankind, drawing together physical and human geography to produce a highly detailed study.

The objectives of the American Meteorological Society are "the development and dissemination of knowledge of meteorology in all its phases and applications, and the advancement of its professional ideals." The organization of the Society took place in affiliation with the American Association for the Advancement of Science at Saint Louis, Missouri, December 29, 1919, and its incorporation, at Washington, D. C., January 21, 1920. The work of the Society is carried on by the Bulletin, the Journal, and Meteorological Monographs, by papers and discussions at meetings of the Society, through the offices of the Secretary and the Executive Secretary, and by correspondence. All of the Americas are represented in the membership of the Society as well as many foreign countries.

The objects of the American Meteorological Society are "the development and dissemination of knowledge of meteorology in all its phases and applications, and the advancement of its professional ideals." The organization of the Society took place in affiliation with the American Association for the Advancement of Science at Saint Louis, Missouri, December 29, 1919, and its incorporation, at Washington, D. C., January 21, 1920. The work of the Society is carried on by the Bulletin, the Journal, and Meteorological Monographs, by papers and discussions at meetings of the Society, through the offices of the Secretary and the Executive Secretary, and by correspondence. All of the Americas are represented in the membership of the Society as well as many foreign countries.

The objects of the American Meteorological Society are "the development and dissemination of knowledge of meteorology in all its phases and applications, and the advancement of its professional ideals." The organization of the Society took place in affiliation with the American Association for the Advancement of Science at Saint Louis, Missouri, December 29, 1919, and its incorporation, at Washington, D. C., January 21, 1920. The work of the Society is carried on by the Bulletin, the Journal, and Meteorological Monographs, by papers and discussions at meetings of the Society, through the offices of the Secretary and the Executive Secretary, and by correspondence. All of the Americas are represented in the membership of the Society as well as many foreign countries.