Geoinformatics is a component of Encyclopedia of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences in the global Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS), which is an integrated compendium of twenty one Encyclopedias. Geoinformatics is a science which develops and uses information science infrastructure to address the problems of geosciences and related branches of engineering. The content of the theme on Geoinformatics is organized with state-of-the-art presentations covering the following aspects of the subject: Sample Data and Survey; Remote Sensing and Environmental Monitoring; Statistical Analysis in the Geosciences; International Cooperation for Data Acquisition and Use, which are then expanded into multiple subtopics, each as a chapter.. These two volumes are aimed at the following five major target audiences: University and College Students Educators, Professional Practitioners, Research Personnel and Policy Analysts, Managers, and Decision Makers and NGOs.

The International Scientific and Professional Conference on Geodesy, Cartography and Geoinformatics 2017 (GCG 2017) was organized under the auspices of the Faculty of Mining, Ecology, Process Control and Geotechnologies, Technical University of Košice (SK), Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice (SK), Faculty of Civil Engineering, STU Bratislava (SK), Faculty of Civil Engineering, CTU Prague (CZ), University of Technology, Kielce (PL), AGH University of Science and Technology, Krakow (PL), Upper Nitra Mines Prievidza, plc. (SK) and the Slovakian Mining Society (SK). The conference was held from October 10 - 13, 2017, in Low Tatras, Slovakia. The purpose of the conference was to provide a forum for prominent scientists, researchers and professionals from Slovakia, Poland and the Czech Republic to present novel and fundamental advances in the fields of geodesy, cartography and geoinformatics. Conference participants had the opportunity to exchange and share their experiences, research and results solved within scientific research projects with other colleagues. The conference focused on a wide spectrum of actual topics and subject areas in Surveying and Mine Surveying, Geodetic Control and Geodynamics, and Cartography and Geoinformatics and collected in this proceedings volume.

This volume collects and presents the fundamentals, tools, and processes of utilizing geospatial information technologies to process remotely sensed data for use in agricultural monitoring and management. The issues related to handling digital agro-geoinformation, such as collecting (including field visits and remote sensing), processing, storing, archiving, preservation, retrieving, transmitting, accessing, visualization, analyzing, synthesizing, presenting, and disseminating agro-geoinformation have never before been systematically documented in one volume. The book is edited by International Conference on Agro-Geoinformatics organizers Dr. Liping Di (George Mason University), who coined the term “Agro-Geoinformatics” in 2012, and Dr. Berk Üstündağ (Istanbul Technical University) and are uniquely positioned to curate and edit this foundational text. The book is composed of eighteen chapters that can each stand alone but also build on each other to give the reader a comprehensive understanding of agro-geoinformatics and what the tools and processes that compose the field can accomplish. Topics covered include land parcel identification, image processing in agricultural observation systems, databasing and managing agricultural data, crop status monitoring, moisture and evapotranspiration assessment, flood damage monitoring, agricultural decision support systems and more.

Geoinformatics is a component of Encyclopedia of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences in the global Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS), which is an integrated compendium of twenty one Encyclopedias. Geoinformatics is a science which develops and uses information science infrastructure to address the problems of geosciences and related branches of engineering. The content of the theme on Geoinformatics is organized with state-of-the-art presentations covering the following aspects of the subject: Sample Data and Survey; Remote Sensing and Environmental Monitoring; Statistical Analysis in the Geosciences; International Cooperation for Data Acquisition and Use, which are then expanded into multiple subtopics, each as a chapter.. These two volumes are aimed at the following five major target audiences: University and College Students Educators, Professional Practitioners, Research Personnel and Policy Analysts, Managers, and Decision Makers and NGOs.

Key Features:Y All aspects of Geoinformatics--Plane Surveying, Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing, GIS, GPS included.Y Gives basic concepts with principles of all aspects discussed.Y Measurements explained with neat line drawing.About the Book:This book is an attempt to bring the different fields of Geoinformatics under one fold to help the novices in gettingthe subject matter at one place. The book includes Plane Surveying, Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing,Geographic Information System (GIS), and Global Positioning System (GPS). The subject matter emphasizes onthe basic concepts and practices in use. The book has six sections as below:Section I introduces the Geoinformatics as a whole in the perspective of surveying as it has unlimited fields ofapplications. Section II provides basic concepts of errors in Plane Surveying, techniques of making linear andangular measurements for producing topographic maps of areas of moderate extents. Section III deals withPhotogrammetry and technique of measurements on aerial photographs to produce topographic maps. Section IVis devoted to Remote Sensing, principle of this technique, and its application. It also presents various remotesensing missions launched, and the technique of image interpretation and digital image processing. Section Vdiscusses the Geographic Information System (GIS) and its application, data models used in GIS, and how variousspatial entities are related to each other in GIS environment through topology. Section VI is on Global PositioningSystem (GPS) which now finds its use in our day-today life. It is a technology for gathering (x, y, z) coordinates ofpoints anywhere on the globe at any time making use of artificial satellites devoted to GPS. This section explainsprinciple of working of GPS and its use in surveying.

Geoinformatics for Marine and Coastal Management provides a timely and valuable assessment of the current state of the art geoinformatics tools and methods for the management of marine systems. This book focuses on the cutting-edge coverage of a wide spectrum of activities and topics such as GIS-based application of drainage basin analysis, contribution of ontology to marine management, geoinformatics in relation to fisheries management, hydrography, indigenous knowledge systems, and marine law enforcement. The authors present a comprehensive overview of the field of Geoinformatic Applications in Marine Management covering key issues and debates with specific case studies illustrating real-world applications of the GIS technology. This "box of tools" serves as a long-term resource for coastal zone managers, professionals, practitioners, and students alike on the management of oceans and the coastal fringe, promoting the approach of allowing sustainable and integrated use of oceans to maximize opportunities while keeping risks and hazards to a minimum.

Volume II of the Six Volume Remote Sensing Handbook, Second Edition, is focused on digital image processing including image classification methods in land cover and land use. It discusses object-based segmentation and pixel-based image processing algorithms, change detection techniques, and image classification for a wide array of applications including land use/land cover, croplands, urban studies, processing hyperspectral remote sensing data, thermal imagery, light detection and ranging (LiDAR), geoprocessing workflows, frontiers of GIScience, and future pathways. This thoroughly revised and updated volume draws on the expertise of a diverse array of leading international authorities in remote sensing and provides an essential resource for researchers at all levels interested in using remote sensing. It integrates discussions of remote sensing principles, data, methods, development, applications, and scientific and social context. Features Provides the most up-to-date comprehensive coverage of digital image processing. Highlights object-based image analysis (OBIA) and pixel-based classification methods and techniques of digital image processing. Demonstrates practical examples of image processing for a myriad of applications such as land use/land cover, croplands, and urban. Establishes image processing using different types of remote sensing data that includes multispectral, radar, LiDAR, thermal, and hyperspectral. Highlights change detection, geoprocessing, and GIScience. This volume is an excellent resource for the entire remote sensing and GIS community. Academics, researchers, undergraduate and graduate students, as well as practitioners, decision makers, and policymakers, will benefit from the expertise of the professionals featured in this book, and their extensive knowledge of new and emerging trends.

Geography is a component of Encyclopedia of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences in the global Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS), which is an integrated compendium of twenty one Encyclopedias. Geographical perceptions can be traced from very ancient cultures, although geography as a science started its development during the eighteen century, it was firmly established after the Darwinian revolution and many of its fundamentals appeared during the nineteenth century. The history of geography is closely connected with the history of human society Geography embraces both the physical and human worlds, and aims to bridge natural and human sciences. For a geographer, although the environment and its conservation is a crucial item, it is also fundamentally concerned with the living standards of humankind. Although its wide embrace may be seen as a weakness, diversification is also strength and an attraction. Approaches are multidisciplinary, exploring the complex linkages between the cultural and the natural. These favor cross-cultural communication and mutual understanding at a global scale. There is a geographical basis to most of the outstanding political problems, and geographical reasons to explain them. The subject matter of the geography theme is presented basically on how the subject matter is taught presently at the universities, and following the many paths its practitioners are following in doing research. It introduces modern subject matters and goes much further than a simple description of places and travels. The theme has been divided into four main topics: Foundations, Physical Geography, Human Geography, and Technical matters. The scope of the foundation topic is to present an overview of the basis of the geographical field, its scope, history, methods, and its importance in education. The chapters included are Main Stages of the Development, Theory and Methods, and Geographical Education. The Physical Geography topic includes the historical background of the geographical study of the Earth natural environment, and the main fields cultivated by geographers. It consists of eight chapters on basic research fields, which are Geomorphology, Climatology, Hydrology, Biogeography, Soil Geography, Coastal Systems, Ocean Geography, Mountain Geoecology, and two chapters on environmental issues: Natural Hazards and Land Degradation and Desertification. In the Human Geography topic six chapters discuss the more current fields, that is: Population, Cultural and Social, Agricultural and Rural, Industries and Transport, Economic Activities and Urban Geography. Three chapters present subjects developed more recently: Medical, Political and Tourism geographies. Finally, the Regional approach is presented as the most traditional and integrative field. These volumes are aimed at the following five major target audiences: University and College students Educators, Professional practitioners, Research personnel and Policy analysts, managers, and decision makers and NGOs.

There is no doubt that today, perhaps more than ever before, humanity faces a myriad of complex and demanding challenges. These include natural resource depletion and environmental degradation, food and water insecurity, energy shortages, diminishing biodiversity, increasing losses from natural disasters, and climate change with its associated potentially devastating consequences, such as rising sea levels. These human-induced and natural impacts on the environment need to be well understood in order to develop informed policies, decisions, and remedial measures to mitigate current and future negative impacts. To achieve this, continuous monitoring and management of the environment to acquire data that can be soundly and rigorously analyzed to provide information about its current state and changing patterns, and thereby allow predictions of possible future impacts, are essential. Developing pragmatic and sustainable solutions to address these and many other similar challenges requires the use of geodata and the application of geoinformatics. This book presents the concepts and applications of geoinformatics, a multidisciplinary field that has at its core different technologies that support the acquisition, analysis and visualization of geodata for environmental monitoring and management. We depart from the 4D to the 5D data paradigm, which defines geodata accurately, consistently, rapidly and completely, in order to be useful without any restrictions in space, time or scale to represent a truly global dimension of the digital Earth. The book also features the state-of-the-art discussion of Web-GIS. The concepts and applications of geoinformatics presented in this book will be of benefit to decision-makers across a wide range of fields, including those at environmental agencies, in the emergency services, public health and epidemiology, crime mapping, environmental management agencies, tourist industry, market analysis and e-commerce, or mineral exploration, among many others. The title and subtitle of this textbook convey a distinct message. Monitoring -the passive part in the subtitle - refers to observation and data acquisition, whereas management - the active component - stands for operation and performance. The topic is our environment, which is intimately related to geoinformatics. The overall message is: all the mentioned elements do interact and must not be separated. Hans-Peter B ahr, Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dr.h.c., Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Germany.