In virtually every aspect of human behavior, ritual, language, and art, perceptions are organized through the act of framing. In the writing of Benito Perez Galdós, Spain's most prolific and innovative nineteenth-century novelist, Hazel Gold finds this principle insistently at work. By exploring Galdós's methods of structuring and evaluating literary and historical experience, Gold illuminates the novelist's art and uncovers the far-reaching narratological, social, and epistemological implications of his framing strategies. A close look at Galdós's novels reveals the artist at pains to contain and interpret what he perceived to be the distinctive and often disheartening experience of bourgeois liberalism of his day. At the same time, he can be seen here undermining or negating the accepted conventions of realist fiction. Looking beyond text to context, Gold examines the ways in which Galdós's work itself has been framed by readers and critics in accordance with changing allegiances to contemporary literary theory and the canon. The highly ambiguous status of the frame in Galdós's fictions confirms the author's own signal position as a writer poised at the limits between realism and modernity. Gold's work will command the interest of students of Spanish and comparative literature, narrative theory, and the novel, as well as all those for whom realism and representation are at issue.

Is Nazarin a latter-day Christ or a Quixotic fool? Saintly, mysterious, irritating, he attampts to set up an alternative society based on non-resistance to evil and the rejection of private property--often with hilarious results. A strikingly modern work, it is at once a serious discussion of the roots of Christianity, an exploration of abnormal psychology, a critique of bourgeois materialism, and a brilliant exercise in comedy. This new translation does full justice to the richness and rhythm of Galdos's style, and makes available for the first time in English this important late work of Spain's greatest nineteenth-century novelist.

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This is a short story of a man who gets on a tram to return some books to a friend. He runs into a gossipy friend who starts telling him about what may or may not be a true story. The friend, a doctor, tells him about a stunning countess who has an imprudent admirer and a scheming butler. The narrator hardly listens to the tale until the doctor reveals the butler's mysterious hold over the countess. After his interest is aroused, the man is left hanging when the doctor leaves the tram without finishing the story. The narrator realizes the newspaper he has covered the books in has a feuilleton printed that seems to pick up the doctor's story. He reads it and, despite some variations with the doctor's tale, begins to imagine characters from it entering and exiting the tram. He overhears bits and pieces of stories on his return tram ride and assumes they are part of the countess' tale and several unexpected events follow. What happens later with the man unfolds later in this intriguing and unique story.

Trafalgar is the first book in a series of 46 historic 'episodes,' a set of novels via which he charts Spanish history from 1805 to 1880. The book is written in a humorous tone and is well-observed, and is very readable. However, it reviews one of the most tragic periods: the Trafalgar Battle of the Napoleonic wars. The story is written from the first-person perspective of a young man, Gabriel, who is taken into service by an elderly ship's captain. As he takes part in the battle, he gives a wide-eyed description of the events, giving a contemporary reader many lessons.