For more than ten years we have been working with the ideal linear MHD equations used to study the stability of thermonuc1ear plasmas. Even though the equations are simple and the problem is mathematically well formulated, the numerical problems were much harder to solve than anticipated. Already in the one-dimensional cylindrical case, what we called "spectral pollution" appeared. We were able to eliminate it by our "ecological solution". This solution was applied to the two-dimensional axisymmetric toroidal geometry. Even though the spectrum was unpolluted the precision was not good enough. Too many mesh points were necessary to obtain the demanded precision. Our solution was what we called the "finite hybrid elements". These elements are efficient and cheap. They have also proved their power when applied to calculating equilibrium solutions and will certainly penetrate into other domains in physics and engineering. During all these years, many colleagues have contributed to the construc tion, testing and using of our stability code ERATO. We would like to thank them here. Some ofthem gave partial contributions to the book. Among them we mention Dr. Kurt Appert, Marie-Christine Festeau-Barrioz, Roberto Iacono, Marie-Alix Secretan, Sandro Semenzato, Dr. Jan Vac1avik, Laurent Villard and Peter Merkel who kindly agreed to write Chap. 6. Special thanks go to Hans Saurenmann who drew most of the figures, to Dr

The purpose of this two-volume textbook is to provide students of engineer ing, science and applied mathematics with the specific techniques, and the framework to develop skill in using them, that have proven effective in the various branches of computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Volume 1 de scribes both fundamental and general techniques that are relevant to all branches of fluid flow. Volume 2 provides specific techniques, applicable to the different categories of engineering flow behaviour, many of which are also appropriate to convective heat transfer. An underlying theme of the text ist that the competing formulations which are suitable for computational fluid dynamics, e.g. the finite differ ence, finite element, finite volume and spectral methods, are closely related and can be interpreted as part of a unified structure. Classroom experience indicates that this approach assists, considerably, the student in acquiring a deeper understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of the alternative computational methods. Through the provision of 24 computer programs and associated exam ples and problems, the present text is also suitable for established research workers and practitioners who wish to acquire computational skills without the benefit of formal instruction. The text includes the most up-to-date techniques and is supported by more than 300 figures and 500 references.

While classical orthogonal polynomials appear as solutions to hypergeometric differential equations, those of a discrete variable emerge as solutions of difference equations of hypergeometric type on lattices. The authors present a concise introduction to this theory, presenting at the same time methods of solving a large class of difference equations. They apply the theory to various problems in scientific computing, probability, queuing theory, coding and information compression. The book is an expanded and revised version of the first edition, published in Russian (Nauka 1985). Students and scientists will find a useful textbook in numerical analysis.

2 The linearized ideal MHO equations. . . . . . . . . . . . 204 3 Spectral problems corresponding to evolutionary problems . . 211 4 Stability of equilibrium configurations and the Energy Principle 215 5 Alternative forms of the plasma potential energy 220 6 Minimization of the potential energy with respect to a parallel displacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 7 Classification of ideal MHO instabilities . 224 8 The linearized non-ideal MHO equations . 226 Chapter 6. Homogeneous and discretely structured plasma oscillations 229 I Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 2 Alfven waves in an incompressible ideal plasma 230 3 Cold ideal plasma oscillations. . . . 233 4 Compressible hot plasma oscillations 236 5 Finite resistivity effects . . . . . . . 239 6 Propagation of waves generated by a local source 240 7 Stratified plasma oscillations . . . . . . . . . 247 8 Oscillations of a plasma slab . . . . . . . . . 254 9 Instabilities of an ideal stratified gravitating plasma 256 10 Instabilities of a resistive stratified gravitating plasma. 262 Chapter 7. MHO oscillations of a gravitating plasma slab 265 I Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 2 Gravitating slab equilibrium . . . . . . . . 266 3 Oscillations of a hot compressible plasma slab 267 4 Investigation of the slab stability via the Energy Principle 270 5 On the discrete spectrum of the operator Kk . . . . . . 274 6 On the essential spectrum of the operator Kk . . . . . . 279 7 On the discrete spectrum embedded in the essential spectrum 282 8 The eigenfunction expansion formula . . . . . . . . . . 285 9 Excitation of plasma oscillations by an external power source . 288 10 The linearized equations governing resistive gravitating plasma slab oscillations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290 II Heuristic investigation of resistive instabilities. . . . . . . . . .

This book is devoted to mathematical modeling of tokamak plasma. Since the appearance in 1982 of the first edition (in Russian), a considerable amount of experimental and theoretical material on tokamak research has been accumu lated. The new-generation devices, viz. , TFTR, JET and JT-60 were put into operation. The first experiments on these units have confirmed the correctness of the basic physical concepts underlying their construction. Experiments on plasma heating with the help of neutral beams and high-frequency (HF) waves on previous generation devices made it possible to obtain high-P plasmas. The number of "medium-size" tokamaks in operation has increased. New experi mental results and advances in the theory have led to more complicated and perfected models of high-temperature plasma. Rapid progress in computer hardware and software has played an important role in the further development of mathematical modeling. While preparing the English edition of the book, we have revised the text considerably. Several new models which have undergone significant advance ment in recent years are described. A section devoted to models of RF (radio frequency) current drive has been added to Chap. 2. The reduced magneto hydrodynamic (MHD) equations for high-P plasma are now considered in detail in Chap. 3. Chapter 4 contains the latest results on anomalous thermal conductivity, diffusion coefficient and pinching. Two new sections are added to Chap. 5.

Humans do not live by bread alone. Physically we are puny creatures with limited prowess, but with unlimited dreams. We see a mountain and want to move it to carve out a path for ourselves. We see a river and want to tame it so that it irrigates our fields. We see a star and want to fly to its planets to secure a future for our progeny. For all this, we need a genie who will do our bidding at a flip of our fingers. Energy is such a genie. Modern humans need energy and lots of it to live a life of comfort. In fact, the quality of life in different regions of the world can be directly correlated with the per capita use of energy [1.1–1.5]. In this regard, the human development index (HDI) of various countries based on various reports by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) [1.6] (Fig. 1.1), which is a parameter measuring the quality of life in a given part of the world, is directly determined by the amount of per capita electricity consumption. Most of the developing world (~5 billion people) is crawling up the UN curve of HDI versus per capita electricity consumption, from abysmally low values of today towards the average of the whole world and eventually towards the average of the developed world. This translates into a massive energy hunger for the globe as a whole. It has been estimated that by the year 2050, the global electricity demand will go up by a factor of up to 3 in a high growth scenario [1.7–1.9]. The requirements beyond 2050 go up even higher.

Making the most ef?cient use of computer systems has rapidly become a leading topic of interest for the computer industry and its customers alike. However, the focus of these discussions is often on single, isolated, and speci?c architectural and technological improvements for power reduction and conservation, while ignoring the fact that power ef?ciency as a ratio of performance to power consumption is equally in?uenced by performance improvements and architectural power red- tion. Furthermore, ef?ciency can be in?uenced on all levels of today’s system hi- archies from single cores all the way to distributed Grid environments. To improve execution and power ef?ciency requires progress in such diverse ?elds as program optimization, optimization of program scheduling, and power reduction of idling system components for all levels of the system hierarchy. Improving computer system ef?ciency requires improving system performance and reducing system power consumption. To research and reach reasonable conc- sions about system performance we need to not only understand the architectures of our computer systems and the available array of code transformations for p- formance optimizations, but we also need to be able to express this understanding in performance models good enough to guide decisions about code optimizations for speci?c systems. This understanding is necessary on all levels of the system hierarchy from single cores to nodes to full high performance computing (HPC) systems, and eventually to Grid environments with multiple systems and resources.

This textbook provides a modern and accessible introduction to magnetohydrodynamics (MHD). It describes the two main applications of plasma physics, laboratory research on thermo-nuclear fusion energy and plasma astrophysics of the solar system, stars and accretion disks, from the single viewpoint of MHD. This approach provides effective methods and insights for the interpretation of plasma phenomena on virtually all scales, from the laboratory to the universe. It equips the reader with the necessary tools to understand the complexities of plasma dynamics in extended magnetic structures. The classical MHD model is developed in detail without omitting steps in the derivations and problems are included at the end of each chapter. This text is ideal for senior-level undergraduate and graduate courses in plasma physics and astrophysics.