First published in 1997. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

The area around the Baltic Sea has for millennia been a meeting-place for people of different origins. Among the circum-Baltic languages, we find three major branches of Indo-European —Baltic, Germanic, and Slavic, the Baltic-Finnic languages from the Uralic phylum and several others. The circum-Baltic area is an ideal place to study areal and contact phenomena in languages. The present set of two volumes look at the circum-Baltic languages from a typological, areal and historical perspective, trying to relate the intricate patterns of similarities and dissimilarities to the societal background. In Volume II, selected phenomena in the grammars of the circum-Baltic languages are studied in a cross-linguistic perspective.

This textbook is intended foremost for Americans and other speakers of English with an interest in the Estonian language. Its forty lessons are each divided into six sections: grammar, readngs, vocabulary, exercises, expressions, and answers to the exercises. For the most part, the textbook may be used for independent study.

Unveil the Soul of Estonia with Clarity and Elegance! Has the unique harmony and subtle beauty of the Estonian language always intrigued you? Whether you're embarking on your linguistic journey as a beginner to learn Estonian or aiming to refine your fluency for heartfelt conversations, "The Ultimate Estonian Phrase Book" stands as your essential guide to navigating the enchanting realms of this less explored language. More than just a compilation of phrases, this book is a dedicated linguistic partner, meticulously crafted to not only arm you with essential words but also to immerse you in the essence of Eesti keel (Estonian language). Here’s what sets us apart: 1. Beyond Basic Phrases: Our selection includes over 1001 vital Estonian phrases, but our mission extends further. Engage with concise grammar insights that shed light on Estonian grammar's unique aspects, enabling you to construct sentences with confidence and accuracy. 2. Interactive Estonian Encounters: Through stimulating exercises, you're invited to apply and broaden your vocabulary actively. This journey is about practical application, transforming passive memorization into a vibrant language experience. 3. Cognitive Enrichment: Dive into puzzles and crosswords that not only bolster your vocabulary but also make learning an enjoyable pursuit. 4. Real-Life Relevance: Each phrase is chosen for its practicality and relevance. Whether you're navigating Tallinn's medieval streets, engaging in cultural exchanges, or experiencing Estonia's breathtaking natural landscapes, you'll always have the perfect expressions at your disposal. 5. Pronunciation Mastery: Estonian pronunciation presents its unique challenges. Our comprehensive guide demystifies pronunciation, helping you articulate words with the confidence of a native speaker. With "The Ultimate Estonian Phrase Book," you gain access to: • An extensive collection of over 1001 common Estonian expressions, complete with accurate English translations. • Phonetic pronunciation aids to ensure your Estonian resonates clearly and correctly. • Mini grammar tutorials that reveal the core structures of the Estonian language. • Practical tips to enhance your everyday Estonian interactions. Say "Nägemist" to hesitation and "Tere" to Estonian fluency. Our guide doesn't merely teach you words—it invites you into the vibrant Estonian culture and lifestyle. Start your Estonian language adventure today! Join me on Instagram [@adriangruszka], visit [www.adriangee.com] for further resources, and let's share your journey on Instagram to celebrate your progress together! Your journey to Estonian fluency begins now. Grab your copy and express yourself in Estonian with grace and precision!

Lexical Functional Grammar (LFG) is a nontransformational theory of linguistic structure, first developed in the 1970s by Joan Bresnan and Ronald M. Kaplan, which assumes that language is best described and modeled by parallel structures representing different facets of linguistic organization and information, related by means of functional correspondences. This volume has five parts. Part I, Overview and Introduction, provides an introduction to core syntactic concepts and representations. Part II, Grammatical Phenomena, reviews LFG work on a range of grammatical phenomena or constructions. Part III, Grammatical modules and interfaces, provides an overview of LFG work on semantics, argument structure, prosody, information structure, and morphology. Part IV, Linguistic disciplines, reviews LFG work in the disciplines of historical linguistics, learnability, psycholinguistics, and second language learning. Part V, Formal and computational issues and applications, provides an overview of computational and formal properties of the theory, implementations, and computational work on parsing, translation, grammar induction, and treebanks. Part VI, Language families and regions, reviews LFG work on languages spoken in particular geographical areas or in particular language families. The final section, Comparing LFG with other linguistic theories, discusses LFG work in relation to other theoretical approaches.

Estonia is a small European Union country (population 1.3 million but physically the size of Netherlands and Switzerland) at the historic interface of East and West, Europe and Russia, free from Soviet occupation only for twenty-five years. Estonia boasts many notable achievements in the past has one of the most advanced economies in the region. It has made impressive progress politically, having shed a half century of communist domination and shifted to democracy, making it a model for other transitional states. It is at the forefront of Internet services: its secure digital ID cards are used for all interactions with government agencies, for voting at elections, and among government agencies, as well as in private banking. This second edition of Historical Dictionary of Estonia covers its history through a chronology, an introductory essay, glossary, appendixes, and an extensive bibliography. The dictionary section has over 300 cross-referenced entries on important personalities, politics, economy, foreign relations, religion, and culture. This book is an excellent access point for students, researchers, and anyone wanting to know more about Estonia.

This book provides a unique, up-to-date survey of individual Uralic languages and sub-groupings from Finnish to Selkup. Spoken by more than 25 million native speakers, the Uralic languages have important cultural and social significance in Northern and Eastern Europe, as well as in immigrant communitites throughout Europe and North America. The introductory chapter gives an overview of the Uralic language family and is followed by 18 chapter-length descriptions of each language or sub-grouping, giving an analysis of their history and development as well as focusing on their linguistic structures. Written by internationally recognised experts and based on the most recent scholarship available, the volume covers major languages - including the official national languages of Estonia, Finland and Hungary - and rarely-covered languages such as Mordva, Nganasan and Khanty. The 18 language chapters are similarly-structured, designed for comparative study and cover phonology, morphology, syntax and lexicon. Those on individual languages also have sample text where available. Each chapter includes numerous tables to support and illustrate the text and bibliographies of the major references for each language to aid further study. The volume is comprehensively indexed. This book will be invaluable to language students, experts requiring concise but thorough information on related languages and anyone working in historical, typological and comparative linguistics.