On October 4, 1957, the Soviet Union launched Sputnik 1, the first human-made object to orbit the Earth. Six decades later, space-faring nations face a much different space environment, one that’s more diverse, disruptive, disordered, and dangerous. Today’s space domain presents a number of asymmetries that differ from other domains, creating a deterrence environment with unique policy implications. Escalation and Deterrence in the Second Space Age, a report from the CSIS Aerospace Security Project, discusses the evolution of space as a contested domain, the changing threats to U.S. space systems, deterrence theory and its applications to the space domain, and findings from a space crisis exercise administered by CSIS in late 2016.

This study examines the evolution of space as a contested domain, the changing threats to U.S. space systems, deterrence theory and its applications to the space domain, and findings from a space crisis exercise administered by CSIS in late 2016.

A leading international security strategist offers a compelling new way to "think about the unthinkable." The cold war ended more than two decades ago, and with its end came a reduction in the threat of nuclear weapons—a luxury that we can no longer indulge. It's not just the threat of Iran getting the bomb or North Korea doing something rash; the whole complexion of global power politics is changing because of the reemergence of nuclear weapons as a vital element of statecraft and power politics. In short, we have entered the second nuclear age. In this provocative and agenda-setting book, Paul Bracken of Yale University argues that we need to pay renewed attention to nuclear weapons and how their presence will transform the way crises develop and escalate. He draws on his years of experience analyzing defense strategy to make the case that the United States needs to start thinking seriously about these issues once again, especially as new countries acquire nuclear capabilities. He walks us through war-game scenarios that are all too realistic, to show how nuclear weapons are changing the calculus of power politics, and he offers an incisive tour of the Middle East, South Asia, and East Asia to underscore how the United States must not allow itself to be unprepared for managing such crises. Frank in its tone and farsighted in its analysis, The Second Nuclear Age is the essential guide to the new rules of international politics.

From Space debris to asteroid strikes to anti-satellite weapons, humanity's rapid expansion into Space raises major environmental, safety, and security challenges. In this book, Michael Byers and Aaron Boley, an international lawyer and an astrophysicist, identify and interrogate these challenges and propose actionable solutions. They explore essential questions from, 'How do we ensure all of humanity benefits from the development of Space, and not just the world's richest people?' to 'Is it possible to avoid war in Space?' Byers and Boley explain the essential aspects of Space science, international law, and global governance in a fully transdisciplinary and highly accessible way. Addressing the latest and emerging developments in Space, they equip readers with the knowledge and tools to engage in current and critically important legal, policy, and scientific debates concerning the future development of Space. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.

This book explores how Europe is seeking to enlarge its launching capacities by building additional spaceports on the European continent. Various national initiatives are envisaged resulting in a “space race” in the field of constructing spaceports and building micro launchers. However, right from the beginning when choosing the launch site (land or sea based-rocket launches) there are various factors relating to international space law, European regulations and national rules that must be considered, as spaceports are rarely explicitly addressed in current legal and policy frameworks. While launching sites used to be operated by governments, private commercial initiatives are increasingly entering the field. This paradigm shift must be reflected within regulations relating to various aspects of space liability by enlarging the long-established terms of the United Nations space treaties to accommodate commercial space flights. Questions of permission, supervision and control require special liability regulations to avoid detrimental consequences stemming from the concept of “launching states” in view of the rise of private driven commercial space activities on a global level. Furthermore, not only do environmental aspects need to be thoroughly examined but also the concept of critical infrastructure requires special attention from a security perspective to anticipate, inter alia, cyber-attacks. For these reasons, several European and national regulations may need to be enlarged to apply to the entire space sector, using a harmonized approach that has direct implications for the regulations, programmes, and missions of the European Union and the European Space Agency, bearing in mind that the upcoming spaceports in Europe are an essential asset to substantially boost the European New Space.

The Oxford Handbook of Space Security focuses on the interaction between space technology and international and national security processes. Saadia M. Pekkanen and P.J. Blount have gathered a group of key scholars who bring a range of analytical and theoretical perspectives to take an analytically-eclectic approach to assessing space security from an international relations (IR) theory perspective. Bringing together scholarship from a group of leading experts, this volume explains how these contemporary changes will affect future security in, from, and through space.

On the morning of January 12, 2007, at approximately 6:28 a.m. local time, the People’s Republic of China launched a rocket from the Xichang Space Center. [...] The first space age (1957–1990). The space age began on October 4, 1957 with the Soviet launch of Sputnik 1, the first human-made object to orbit the Earth. [...] As the Cold War came to an end in 1991, the space began to transition into what has been called the “second space age.”

Embark on an enlightening journey through the vast expanse of space law and policy with “Space Environment and International Politics”. Authored by experts in the field, this comprehensive volume explores the intricacies of international space law, from the development of legal frameworks to the challenges posed by space debris and the regulation of space activities. Delving into the space policies of international organizations such as the United Nations, NATO, and the European Space Agency, the book offers invaluable insights into efforts to ensure outer space security and foster sustainable space politics. Examining key issues surrounding space security and warfare, including cyber security threats and the militarization of space, the authors provide a nuanced understanding of the evolving geopolitical dynamics. With its meticulous research, insightful analysis, and balanced discussions, this book is an indispensable resource for policymakers, scholars, and practitioners navigating the complex terrain of international space law and politics. Whether you’re a seasoned professional or an aspiring student, “Space Environment and International Politics” offers a captivating glimpse into the legal, political, and technological dimensions of politics beyond Earth. CONTENTS PREFACE CHAPTER I. INTERNATIONAL LAW AND SPACE ENVIRONMENT THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL SPACE LAW… Caner Akkaya and Ozan Örmeci LEGAL STATUS OF SPACE DEBRIS. Çağla Arslan Bozkuş and Volkan Bozkuş SPACE NEGOTIATIONS THROUGH THE LENSES OF INTERNATIONAL LAW Öncel Sençerman PEACEFUL AND NON-PEACEFUL USES OF OUTER SPACE IN INTERNATIONAL LAW Tuba Taşlıcalı Koç CHAPTER II. SPACE POLICIES OF THE INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS UNITED NATIONS’ EFFORTS TO ENSURE OUTER SPACE SECURITY.. Doğan Şafak Polat NATO’s SPACE POLICY in the 2000s. Sibel Kavuncu EVOLUTION OF THE EUROPEAN SPACE AGECY (ESA): REGULATION OF SPACE IN INTERNATIONAL POLITICS. Caner Akkaya and Cenap Çakmak CHAPTER III. STATES AND SUSTAINABLE SPACE POLITICS RUSSIAN FEDERATION’S SPACE SECURITY APPROACH.. Ahmet Sapmaz TüRKIYE’S STUDIES IN THE SPACE FIELD.. Hande Ortay DEVELOPMENT OF SPACE POLICY AND LAW IN TÜRKİYE.. Onur Sabri Durak EXAMINATION OF TÜRKİYE’S SPACE POLICIES WITHIN THE SCOPE OF SUSTAINABILITY Çağlar Özer CHAPTER IV. SPACE SECURITY AND WARFARE CYBER SECURITY IN SPACE.. Serkan Gönen AN ASSESSMENT OF SPACE SECURITY: UNDERSTANDING SPACE THREAT VECTORS AND THEIR IMPACT ON MILITARY ASPECTS AND HUMAN SECURITY UNDER INTERNATIONAL LAW… Nebile Pelin Mantı ASSESSMENT OF EXPANDING SECURITY INTO SPACE AND TRANSFORMING SPACE INTO A NEW WARFIGHTING DOMAIN: OPPORTUNITIES AND THREATS. Murat Pınar and Soyalp Tamçelik MILITARY IMPORTANCE OF SPACE AND SPACE SECURITY.. Fuat İnce SPACE SECURITY PERCEPTIONS OF SPACEFARING NATIONS. Serap Gürsel EMERGING SPACE WARFARE TECHNOLOGIES AND SPACE AS A POSSIBLE THEATER OF WAR.. Serap Gürsel CHAPTER V. SPACE ENVIRONMENT AND INTERNATIONAL POLITICS SPACE SECURITY THROUGH MAIN IR THEORIES. Burak Şakir Şeker POWER BALANCE IN THE SPACE ENVIRONMENT.. Burak Şakir Şeker SPACE AND INTERNATIONAL POLITICS. Mesut Şöhret SPACE DIPLOMACY AS A GLOBAL SECURITY MEASURE IN WEAPONIZATION OF OUTER SPACE.. Tolga Erdem CHAPTER VI. TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS, SOCIAL LIFE AND SPACE CULTURE NANO AND MICRO SATELLITES AS THE PILLAR OF THE ‘NEW SPACE’ PARADIGM Fuat İnce SATELLITE POLLUTION AROUND THE WORLD.. Hüseyin Çelik CONCEPTS AND MODELS OF DESIGN FOR URBANIZATION OF SPACE.. Ersan Koç IS INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY POSSIBLE IN THE SPACE?. Gökhan Alptekin

Written by award-winning CQ Researcher journalists, this collection of non-partisan reports offers an in-depth examination of today’s most pressing global issues. The 2018 edition of this annual reader looks at topics such as North Korea's nuclear program, the European Union's future, stolen antiquities, and foreign aid. And because it’s CQ Researcher, the reports are expertly researched and written, presenting readers with all sides of an issue. Key Features: Chapters follow a consistent organization, beginning with a summary of the issue, then exploring a number of key questions around the issue, next offering background to put the issue into current context, and concluding with a look ahead. A pro/con debate box in every chapter offers readers the opportunity to critically analyze and discuss the issues by exploring a debate between two experts in the field. All issues include a chronology, a bibliography, photos, charts, and figures to offer readers a more complete picture of the issue at hand.