In most macroeconomic models, the substitutability between domestic and foreign goods is calibrated using aggregated data. This imposes homogeneous elasticities across goods, and the calibration is only valid under this assumption. If elasticities are heterogeneous, the aggregate substitutability is a weighted average of good-specific elasticities, which in general cannot be inferred from aggregated data. We identify structurally the substitutability in US goods using multilateral trade data. We impose homogeneity, and find an aggregate elasticity similar in value to conventional macroeconomic estimates. It is more than twice larger with sectoral heterogeneity. We discuss the implications in various areas of international economics.

"This book deals with the financial side of international economics and covers all aspects of international finance. There are many books and articles by exponents of alternative points of view. I know of no other book that provides the scope, balance, objectivity and rigor of the book." (Professor Jerome L. Stein, Brown University) From the reviews: "In this survey of international finance and open-economy macroeconomics, Gandolfo succeeds in meeting the needs of advanced undergraduate or lower-level graduate students through a largely textual and graphical approach, while at the same time presenting in the appendices explicit mathematical analyses for more advanced graduate students." (Journal of Banking & Finance 2004)

This is a collection of independent works on the GLOBUS model. A first and basic application of the GLOBUS model was made through the computation of its standard run for the years 1970-2010. Stated in the simplest possible terms GLOBUS is a computer simulation model of many important macropolitical and macroeconomic relationships within and among 25 prominent contemporary nations plus a rest-of-world entity. It is designed and used to explore possible solutions to long-term global problems.

This report provides alternative views of how large a dollar depreciation would be needed to restore a sustainable position; analyzes the impact of currency misalignments on each of the three major economies; and discusses the role of exchange market intervention in addressing the issues.

During the so-called Great Moderation the variability of output, employment and inflation declined substantially in most of the major economies. Because of this positive co-movement the ultimate objective of monetary policy was clear. By stabilizing inflation output will also stay at its potential and the central bank does not face any trade-off between its targets – a situation known as the divine coincidence. With the onset of the financial crisis 2007 these relationships changed. This book contributes to the research on the optimal macroeconomic policy design in the presence of financial frictions. These are incorporated via the cost channel approach into a two-country currency union model. Ultimately, a supply-side effect arises which lowers the efficiency of monetary policy - divine coincidence is not possible any more. Three questions are in the focus of interest of this analysis: What is the optimal monetary policy in the presence of country-specific financial frictions? What role can fiscal policy play? Is macroprudential policy able to improve welfare if the central bank targets a financial stability measure?

This second volume covers all the conventional topics of international monetary theory and open-economy macroeconomics, and a lot more besides. Gandolfo treats such further concepts as the theory of monetary integration and the European monetary union, foreign exchange crises and the Tobin tax, theory of games and international policy coordination. It follows the "two-tier" structure of the first volume, and, thanks to its self-contained treatment, may equally be used as a reference book.

There is no lack of good international economics textbooks ranging from the elementary to the advanced, so that an additional drop in this ocean calls for an explanation. In the present writer's opinion, there seems still to be room for a textbook which can be used in both undergraduate and graduate courses, and which contains a wide range of topics, including those usually omitted from other textbooks. These are the intentions behind the present book, which is an outcrop from undergraduate and graduate courses in international economics that the author has been holding at the University of Rome since 1974, and from his on going research work in this field. Accordingly the work is organized as two-books in-one by distributing the material between text and appendices. The treatment in the body of this book is directed to undergraduate students and is mainly confined to graphic analysis and to some elementary algebra, but it is assumed that the reader will have a good knowledge of basic microeconomics and macroeconomics (so that the usual review material on production functions, indifference curves, standard Keynesian model, etc. , etc. has been omitted) . Each chapter is followed by an appendix in which the treatment is mainly mathematical, and where (i) the topics explained in the text are treated at a level suitable for advanced undergraduate or first-year graduate students and (ii) generalizations and/or topics not treated in the text (including some of those at the frontiers of research) are formally examined.

The nine papers in this volume were written for a conference on research in international trade and finance held at Princeton University in March 1973. Each author was asked to survey research on one major topic, with a view to answering three questions: What have we learned from recent empirical research? What are the major gaps in present knowledge? How should we go about filling those gaps? When answering the second question, authors were urged to look at the practical requirements of those who must make policy concerning the international economy, and at the opportunities and insights offered by recent developments in pure theory. When answering the third, they were urged to look at developments in econometric technique, newly available data, and work in progress in related fields.