This book presents novel classification algorithms for four challenging prediction tasks, namely learning from imbalanced, semi-supervised, multi-instance and multi-label data. The methods are based on fuzzy rough set theory, a mathematical framework used to model uncertainty in data. The book makes two main contributions: helping readers gain a deeper understanding of the underlying mathematical theory; and developing new, intuitive and well-performing classification approaches. The authors bridge the gap between the theoretical proposals of the mathematical model and important challenges in machine learning. The intended readership of this book includes anyone interested in learning more about fuzzy rough set theory and how to use it in practical machine learning contexts. Although the core audience chiefly consists of mathematicians, computer scientists and engineers, the content will also be interesting and accessible to students and professionals from a range of other fields.

The eight-volume set LNCS 13375 – 13382 constitutes the proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Science and Its Applications, ICCSA 2022, which was held in Malaga, Spain during July 4 – 7, 2022. The first two volumes contain the proceedings from ICCSA 2022, which are the 57 full and 24 short papers presented in these books were carefully reviewed and selected from 279 submissions. The other six volumes present the workshop proceedings, containing 285 papers out of 815 submissions. These six volumes includes the proceedings of the following workshops: ​ Advances in Artificial Intelligence Learning Technologies: Blended Learning, STEM, Computational Thinking and Coding (AAILT 2022); Workshop on Advancements in Applied Machine-learning and Data Analytics (AAMDA 2022); Advances in information Systems and Technologies for Emergency management, risk assessment and mitigation based on the Resilience (ASTER 2022); Advances in Web Based Learning (AWBL 2022); Blockchain and Distributed Ledgers: Technologies and Applications (BDLTA 2022); Bio and Neuro inspired Computing and Applications (BIONCA 2022); Configurational Analysis For Cities (CA Cities 2022); Computational and Applied Mathematics (CAM 2022), Computational and Applied Statistics (CAS 2022); Computational Mathematics, Statistics and Information Management (CMSIM); Computational Optimization and Applications (COA 2022); Computational Astrochemistry (CompAstro 2022); Computational methods for porous geomaterials (CompPor 2022); Computational Approaches for Smart, Conscious Cities (CASCC 2022); Cities, Technologies and Planning (CTP 2022); Digital Sustainability and Circular Economy (DiSCE 2022); Econometrics and Multidimensional Evaluation in Urban Environment (EMEUE 2022); Ethical AI applications for a human-centered cyber society (EthicAI 2022); Future Computing System Technologies and Applications (FiSTA 2022); Geographical Computing and Remote Sensing for Archaeology (GCRSArcheo 2022); Geodesign in Decision Making: meta planning and collaborative design for sustainable and inclusive development (GDM 2022); Geomatics in Agriculture and Forestry: new advances and perspectives (GeoForAgr 2022); Geographical Analysis, Urban Modeling, Spatial Statistics (Geog-An-Mod 2022); Geomatics for Resource Monitoring and Management (GRMM 2022); International Workshop on Information and Knowledge in the Internet of Things (IKIT 2022); 13th International Symposium on Software Quality (ISSQ 2022); Land Use monitoring for Sustanability (LUMS 2022); Machine Learning for Space and Earth Observation Data (MALSEOD 2022); Building multi-dimensional models for assessing complex environmental systems (MES 2022); MOdels and indicators for assessing and measuring the urban settlement deVElopment in the view of ZERO net land take by 2050 (MOVEto0 2022); Modelling Post-Covid cities (MPCC 2022); Ecosystem Services: nature’s contribution to people in practice. Assessment frameworks, models, mapping, and implications (NC2P 2022); New Mobility Choices For Sustainable and Alternative Scenarios (NEMOB 2022); 2nd Workshop on Privacy in the Cloud/Edge/IoT World (PCEIoT 2022); Psycho-Social Analysis of Sustainable Mobility in The Pre- and Post-Pandemic Phase (PSYCHE 2022); Processes, methods and tools towards RESilient cities and cultural heritage prone to SOD and ROD disasters (RES 2022); Scientific Computing Infrastructure (SCI 2022); Socio-Economic and Environmental Models for Land Use Management (SEMLUM 2022); 14th International Symposium on Software Engineering Processes and Applications (SEPA 2022); Ports of the future - smartness and sustainability (SmartPorts 2022); Smart Tourism (SmartTourism 2022); Sustainability Performance Assessment: models, approaches and applications toward interdisciplinary and integrated solutions (SPA 2022); Specifics of smart cities development in Europe (SPEED 2022); Smart and Sustainable Island Communities (SSIC 2022); Theoretical and Computational Chemistryand its Applications (TCCMA 2022); Transport Infrastructures for Smart Cities (TISC 2022); 14th International Workshop on Tools and Techniques in Software Development Process (TTSDP 2022); International Workshop on Urban Form Studies (UForm 2022); Urban Regeneration: Innovative Tools and Evaluation Model (URITEM 2022); International Workshop on Urban Space and Mobilities (USAM 2022); Virtual and Augmented Reality and Applications (VRA 2022); Advanced and Computational Methods for Earth Science Applications (WACM4ES 2022); Advanced Mathematics and Computing Methods in Complex Computational Systems (WAMCM 2022).

This book presents novel classification algorithms for four challenging prediction tasks, namely learning from imbalanced, semi-supervised, multi-instance and multi-label data. The methods are based on fuzzy rough set theory, a mathematical framework used to model uncertainty in data. The book makes two main contributions: helping readers gain a deeper understanding of the underlying mathematical theory; and developing new, intuitive and well-performing classification approaches. The authors bridge the gap between the theoretical proposals of the mathematical model and important challenges in machine learning. The intended readership of this book includes anyone interested in learning more about fuzzy rough set theory and how to use it in practical machine learning contexts. Although the core audience chiefly consists of mathematicians, computer scientists and engineers, the content will also be interesting and accessible to students and professionals from a range of other fields.

This book provides a general and comprehensible overview of imbalanced learning. It contains a formal description of a problem, and focuses on its main features, and the most relevant proposed solutions. Additionally, it considers the different scenarios in Data Science for which the imbalanced classification can create a real challenge. This book stresses the gap with standard classification tasks by reviewing the case studies and ad-hoc performance metrics that are applied in this area. It also covers the different approaches that have been traditionally applied to address the binary skewed class distribution. Specifically, it reviews cost-sensitive learning, data-level preprocessing methods and algorithm-level solutions, taking also into account those ensemble-learning solutions that embed any of the former alternatives. Furthermore, it focuses on the extension of the problem for multi-class problems, where the former classical methods are no longer to be applied in a straightforward way. This book also focuses on the data intrinsic characteristics that are the main causes which, added to the uneven class distribution, truly hinders the performance of classification algorithms in this scenario. Then, some notes on data reduction are provided in order to understand the advantages related to the use of this type of approaches. Finally this book introduces some novel areas of study that are gathering a deeper attention on the imbalanced data issue. Specifically, it considers the classification of data streams, non-classical classification problems, and the scalability related to Big Data. Examples of software libraries and modules to address imbalanced classification are provided. This book is highly suitable for technical professionals, senior undergraduate and graduate students in the areas of data science, computer science and engineering. It will also be useful for scientists and researchers to gain insight on the current developments in this area of study, as well as future research directions.

The first book of its kind to review the current status and future direction of the exciting new branch of machine learning/data mining called imbalanced learning Imbalanced learning focuses on how an intelligent system can learn when it is provided with imbalanced data. Solving imbalanced learning problems is critical in numerous data-intensive networked systems, including surveillance, security, Internet, finance, biomedical, defense, and more. Due to the inherent complex characteristics of imbalanced data sets, learning from such data requires new understandings, principles, algorithms, and tools to transform vast amounts of raw data efficiently into information and knowledge representation. The first comprehensive look at this new branch of machine learning, this book offers a critical review of the problem of imbalanced learning, covering the state of the art in techniques, principles, and real-world applications. Featuring contributions from experts in both academia and industry, Imbalanced Learning: Foundations, Algorithms, and Applications provides chapter coverage on: Foundations of Imbalanced Learning Imbalanced Datasets: From Sampling to Classifiers Ensemble Methods for Class Imbalance Learning Class Imbalance Learning Methods for Support Vector Machines Class Imbalance and Active Learning Nonstationary Stream Data Learning with Imbalanced Class Distribution Assessment Metrics for Imbalanced Learning Imbalanced Learning: Foundations, Algorithms, and Applications will help scientists and engineers learn how to tackle the problem of learning from imbalanced datasets, and gain insight into current developments in the field as well as future research directions.

Imbalanced classification are those classification tasks where the distribution of examples across the classes is not equal. Cut through the equations, Greek letters, and confusion, and discover the specialized techniques data preparation techniques, learning algorithms, and performance metrics that you need to know. Using clear explanations, standard Python libraries, and step-by-step tutorial lessons, you will discover how to confidently develop robust models for your own imbalanced classification projects.

This book offers a comprehensive review of multilabel techniques widely used to classify and label texts, pictures, videos and music in the Internet. A deep review of the specialized literature on the field includes the available software needed to work with this kind of data. It provides the user with the software tools needed to deal with multilabel data, as well as step by step instruction on how to use them. The main topics covered are: • The special characteristics of multi-labeled data and the metrics available to measure them.• The importance of taking advantage of label correlations to improve the results.• The different approaches followed to face multi-label classification.• The preprocessing techniques applicable to multi-label datasets.• The available software tools to work with multi-label data. This book is beneficial for professionals and researchers in a variety of fields because of the wide range of potential applications for multilabel classification. Besides its multiple applications to classify different types of online information, it is also useful in many other areas, such as genomics and biology. No previous knowledge about the subject is required. The book introduces all the needed concepts to understand multilabel data characterization, treatment and evaluation.

In a world of chaotic alignments, traditional logic with its strict boundaries of truth and falsity has not imbued itself with the capability of reflecting the reality. Despite various attempts to reorient logic, there has remained an essential need for an alternative system that could infuse into itself a representation of the real world. Out of this need arose the system of Neutrosophy (the philosophy of neutralities, introduced by FLORENTIN SMARANDACHE), and its connected logic Neutrosophic Logic, which is a further generalization of the theory of Fuzzy Logic. In this book we study the concepts of Fuzzy Cognitive Maps (FCMs) and their Neutrosophic analogue, the Neutrosophic Cognitive Maps (NCMs). Fuzzy Cognitive Maps are fuzzy structures that strongly resemble neural networks, and they have powerful and far-reaching consequences as a mathematical tool for modeling complex systems. Neutrosophic Cognitive Maps are generalizations of FCMs, and their unique feature is the ability to handle indeterminacy in relations between two concepts thereby bringing greater sensitivity into the results. Some of the varied applications of FCMs and NCMs which has been explained by us, in this book, include: modeling of supervisory systems; design of hybrid models for complex systems; mobile robots and in intimate technology such as office plants; analysis of business performance assessment; formalism debate and legal rules; creating metabolic and regulatory network models; traffic and transportation problems; medical diagnostics; simulation of strategic planning process in intelligent systems; specific language impairment; web-mining inference application; child labor problem; industrial relations: between employer and employee, maximizing production and profit; decision support in intelligent intrusion detection system; hyper-knowledge representation in strategy formation; female infanticide; depression in terminally ill patients and finally, in the theory of community mobilization and women empowerment relative to the AIDS epidemic.

Semi-supervised learning is a learning paradigm concerned with the study of how computers and natural systems such as humans learn in the presence of both labeled and unlabeled data. Traditionally, learning has been studied either in the unsupervised paradigm (e.g., clustering, outlier detection) where all the data are unlabeled, or in the supervised paradigm (e.g., classification, regression) where all the data are labeled. The goal of semi-supervised learning is to understand how combining labeled and unlabeled data may change the learning behavior, and design algorithms that take advantage of such a combination. Semi-supervised learning is of great interest in machine learning and data mining because it can use readily available unlabeled data to improve supervised learning tasks when the labeled data are scarce or expensive. Semi-supervised learning also shows potential as a quantitative tool to understand human category learning, where most of the input is self-evidently unlabeled. In this introductory book, we present some popular semi-supervised learning models, including self-training, mixture models, co-training and multiview learning, graph-based methods, and semi-supervised support vector machines. For each model, we discuss its basic mathematical formulation. The success of semi-supervised learning depends critically on some underlying assumptions. We emphasize the assumptions made by each model and give counterexamples when appropriate to demonstrate the limitations of the different models. In addition, we discuss semi-supervised learning for cognitive psychology. Finally, we give a computational learning theoretic perspective on semi-supervised learning, and we conclude the book with a brief discussion of open questions in the field. Table of Contents: Introduction to Statistical Machine Learning / Overview of Semi-Supervised Learning / Mixture Models and EM / Co-Training / Graph-Based Semi-Supervised Learning / Semi-Supervised Support Vector Machines / Human Semi-Supervised Learning / Theory and Outlook

FLINS, an acronym introduced in 1994 and originally for Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Technologies in Nuclear Science, is now extended into a well-established international research forum to advance the foundations and applications of computational intelligence for applied research in general and for complex engineering and decision support systems.The principal mission of FLINS is bridging the gap between machine intelligence and real complex systems via joint research between universities and international research institutions, encouraging interdisciplinary research and bringing multidiscipline researchers together.FLINS 2020 is the fourteenth in a series of conferences on computational intelligence systems.