This book deals with two important aspects of the place of corporate bodies in international law. The author examines, first, in relation to both private and State-owned corporations, the problems of diplomatic protection, nationalization and State responsibility. Second, he discusses some problems of those corporate entities which owe their existence to international law, whether international organizations proper or common inter-State enterprises. These questions are all ones of continuing practical interest.

The author proposes that international law can be strengthened by incorporating and integrating multinational corporations more fully into the international legal system. The establishment of international norms of corporate responsibility and accountability under accepted international law could thereby lead to mutual benefits. Multinational corporations would enjoy de jure protections enhancing their global business activities; and countries where these corporations have considerable social, economic and environmental effect on their communities will have recourse to hold corporations accountable for harmful actions. Published under the Transnational Publishers imprint.

This text provides discussion of the principle of freedom of establishment and focuses on the key issue of determining where a corporation has its 'seat' for legal purposes.

The international legal status of corporations is a contentious issue, as they do not easily fit within a system traditionally designed around states. This book assesses the ways in which corporations are bound by international human rights and environmental law, and the form their obligations take.

This book is about the theory of corporations as subjects of private international law. It aims to show the true extent and depth of legal and jurisdictional problems that states commonly face now, dealing with allocation of cross-border corporate relations and other relations closely connected with them in the appropriate system of law and jurisdiction. This work rests on the idea that in the united but diverse and contradictory world founded upon eternal laws, law should be characterized by the same qualities. The main end of private international law should be to support these qualities of the world and law bringing order to it. This book is a manual for jurists, practitioners of law and academics, who need research covering specific legal and jurisdictional issues in a corporate sphere and probes the issue of the place of private international law of corporations in national systems of law, when viewed through institutional, scientific, practical, strategic and economic dimensions. This book examines the issues concerned with allocation of cross-border corporate relations and other relations closely connected with them in the appropriate system of law and jurisdiction resting on the idea of distinct public policy with inherent public interest. It provides a careful study of institutional, scientific, practical, strategic and economic aspects of private international law of corporations as it was, is and ought to be. This is to show what was done, what we have at present and what needs to be done in this specific area in a manner suggesting a simple and concise reasoning within the confines of scientific, systematic and historical treatment of the issue in study.

This well-documented work will appeal to corporate leaders interested in understanding the related practicalities of international corporate liability as well as post-graduate students in international business and international policy studies. Policymakers, academics and researchers interested in a unique perspective on the future of the global corporation as an internationally responsible global citizen will find much to inte rest them in this book.

In General Principles for Business and Human Rights in International Law Ludovica Chiussi Curzi offers a critical analysis of the relevance of general principles of law in the multifaceted business and human rights field.

The classical model of international lawmaking posits governments as exclusively authoritative actors. However, commercially-oriented entities have long been protagonists within the prevailing international legal order, concluding contracts and resolving disputes with governments. Is the international legal personality of corporations undergoing further qualitative transformations ? Corporations influence the State practice constitutive of custom and create, refashion or challenge normative rules. The corporate willingness to fill legal lacunae where governments do not exercise their full regulatory responsibility is also observable through resort to alternative legal mechanisms. Corporations moreover contribute directly to treaty negotiations and occupy crucial roles during subsequent implementation. Indeed, an analysis of the access conditions and participatory modalities for non-State actors could support a right to participate under common international procedural law. Their substantive contributions are also evident when corporations participate in enforcing international law against governments through national courts, diplomatic protection (including the WTO) and arbitration (including NAFTA). However, the practice of intergovernmental organizations reveals several challenges including managing corporate interaction with developing country governments and other non-State actors. Acknowledging corporate contributions also has important implications for national regulatory autonomy, the ability of governments to mediate contested policy issues, the democratic legitimacy of the contemporary lawmaking process and an understanding of consent as the underlying basis for international law.

In the process of resolving disputes, it is not uncommon for parties to justify actions otherwise in breach of their obligations by invoking the need to protect some aspect of the elusive concept of public order. Until this thoroughly researched book, the criteria and factors against which international dispute bodies assess such claims have remained unclear. Now, by providing an in-depth comparative analysis of relevant jurisprudence under four distinct international dispute resolution systems – trade, investment, human rights and international commercial arbitration – the author of this invaluable book identifies common core benchmarks for the application of the public order exception. To achieve the broadest possible scope for her analysis, the author examines the public order exception’s function, role and application within the following international dispute resolution systems: relevant World Trade Organization (WTO) agreements as enforced by the organization’s Dispute Settlement Body and Appellate Body; international investment agreements as enforced by competent Arbitral Tribunals and Annulment Committees under the International Center for Settlement of Investment Disputes; provisions under the Inter-American Convention of Human Rights and the European Convention of Human Rights as enforced by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights and the European Court of Human Rights, respectively; and the New York Convention as enforced by national tribunals across the world. Controversies, tensions and pitfalls inherent in invoking the public order exception are elucidated, along with clear guidelines on how arguments may be crafted in order to enhance prospects of success. Throughout, tables and graphs systematize key aspects of the relevant jurisprudence under each of the dispute resolution systems analysed. As an immediate practical resource for lawyers on any side of a dispute who wish to invoke or strengthen a public order exception claim, the book’s systematic analysis will be welcomed by lawyers active in WTO disputes, international investment arbitration, human rights law or enforcement of foreign arbitral awards. Academics and policymakers will find a signal contribution to the ongoing debate on the existence, legal basis, content and functions of the transnational public order.