Available online: https://pub.norden.org/temanord2022-542/ Combustion of biomass and incineration of solid waste and sewage sludge are important parts of the energy production and waste management infrastructure in most of the Nordic countries, but they also produce substantial quantities of residual waste in terms of bottom ash, fly ash and flue gas cleaning residues which contain potentially harmful substances in various amounts. Preferably, the ashes and residues should be treated and utilised as part of the Circular Economy. The project provides an overview of the utilisation options, including environmental and treatment requirements, and of the associated technical and regulatory frameworks and practical conditions of utilisation. Compliance of combinations of treatments and applications of ashes and residues with Best Available Techniques (BAT) has been assessed, and seven Nordic BAT candidates have been proposed and described in detail.

Available online: https://pub.norden.org/temanord2024-513/ A modern society needs access to critical raw materials (CRM) that are necessary for maintaining and developing its industries, infrastructure and welfare system. Europe has been facing increasing challenges in meeting its need for these materials, which are defined by their high economic importance and significant supply risk. The implementation of the Critical Raw Materials Act (CRMA) of EU aims to reduce this vulnerability by establishing a framework to ensure the Union's access to a secure and sustainable supply of critical raw materials. One important measure highlighted by this regulation is to increase CRM recycling. This report describes potential measures and instruments that may be relevant for Nordic countries and territories as tools for hitting the CRM recycling targets that CRMA introduces.

Handbook of Recycling, Second Edition, Winner of the International Solid Waste Association's 2014 Publication Award, is an authoritative review of the current state of recycling, reuse and reclamation processes commonly implemented today and how they interact with one another. Fully updated to cover recent developments in the field, this second edition has also been restructured to cover General Aspects of Recycling, Applications, Technology, Recovery and Collection, Economics, Governance and Policy. Several new chapters on global recycled material flows, sludges, reinforced plastics, and landfill mining have been added. It concludes with a review of the policy and economic implications, including the impact of recycling on energy use, sustainable development, and the environment.This book is a crucial aid to students and researchers in a range of disciplines, from materials and environmental science to public policy studies. - Chapters authored by key experts from academia, industry, and the policymaking community - Provides a thorough analysis from theory to practice to deeply understand the fundamentals, dynamics, complex interactions, opportunities, and challenges of recycling, within the larger picture of a circular system - Describes the state of the art and lessons learned, to understand future challenges in recycling of a wide variety of products, materials, and waste flows - Introduces the tools and practices to understand the opportunities and limitations of recycling in the context of a circular economy

This introductory textbook provides an essential interdisciplinary guide to waste management and circular economy. It helps students to understand the drivers and wider context of waste generation and management and the roles of waste prevention and resource efficiency. The textbook is ideal for teaching environmental engineering and science students, as well as students in interdisciplinary environmental programs. It introduces key concepts, the environmental, social, and economic impacts of waste, and best practices and technologies.

This books provides a comprehensive platform to the scientific, education and research communities working on various fields related to sustainable energy. It covers the exploration, generation and application of this area to meet societal needs as well as addressing global issues related to the environment. The content of this book presents research related to energy and how to tackle climate change as a comprehensive framework based on the success of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The authors use the scientific method to analyze and deliver viable technical solutions, demonstrating how chemistry and engineering can be combined to solve technically challenging problems. While maintaining high scientific rigor, a quantitative approach is offered in select chapters to the study of energy related to our societies increasing need for electrical and chemical energy feedstocks.

Waste incineration is the art of completely combusting waste, while maintaining or reducing emission levels below current emission standards. Where possible, objectives include the recovering of energy as well as the combustion residues. Successful waste incineration makes it possible to achieve a deep reduction in waste volume, obtain a compact and sterile residue, and eliminate a wide array of pollutants. This book places waste incineration within the wider context of waste management, and demonstrates that, in contrast to landfills and composting, waste incineration can eliminate objectionable and hazardous properties such as flammability and toxicity, result in a significant reduction in volume, and destroy gaseous and liquid waste streams leaving little or no residues beyond those linked to flue gas neutralization and treatment. Moreover, waste incineration sterilizes and destroys putrescible matter, and produces usable heat. Incineration Technologies first appeared as a peer-reviewed contribution to the Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology. It provides detailed treatment of the challenges of this technically complex process, which requires huge investment and operating costs, as well as good technical skills in maintenance and plant operation. Particular attention is paid to technologies for ensuring the complete burn-out of flue gas and residues and for controlling the resulting pollutants.

Industrial residues are obtained from all treatments of raw materials in industry during the process of mining, raw materials treatment and final usage. During these processes of enrichment, optimization and utilization of raw materials only part of the original material can be used for the dedicated application and some left-over parts remain. This contribution focuses on residues like mining overburdens, ore residues and ore processing residues like slags, but also on incineration ashes and water purification muds. Natural materials like pozzolanes, due to their potential of CO2-reduction, are also included. Based on this knowledge secondary reusable materials due to their chemical, physical and mineralogical properties can be identified. Also different characterization methods for analysing the potential for further application of these residues are included.

This compendium features 18 projects that demonstrate the use of waste-to-energy technologies in the municipal, agricultural, and industrial sectors. Lessons learned from these projects are discussed and provide insights on the challenges and opportunities of waste-to-energy projects. The compendium also provides an overview of specific technologies, including an assessment of their commercial maturity. The compendium complements the Waste to Energy in the Age of the Circular Economy: Best Practice Handbook. Both resources aim to support the efforts of developing countries in Asia and the Pacific to deploy and scale up technologies relevant to the circular economy.

Hazardous waste poses one of the most complex and risky pollution challenges worldwide. As industrialization accelerates globally, volumes of toxic byproducts and emissions continue to grow, requiring urgent solutions. This book provides a practical overview of hazardous waste management approaches, technologies, and policies to reduce environmental and human health damage. The text begins by outlining Pakistan's current hazardous waste situation, including crucial pollution sources like the textile, fertilizer, and leather industries. It summarizes reduction efforts and persisting challenges around enforcement, technology capabilities, and lack of recycling infrastructure. The following chapters delve into biological waste management techniques and an innovative fertilizer production process utilizing steel slag waste. Case studies demonstrate the potential to convert industrial byproducts into economic resources. Several chapters focus on electronic waste (e-waste), examining landfill contamination risks in Africa and the push to transform these sites into urban mining operations. Technical contributions analyze tools like activated carbon filters to reduce toxic e-waste emissions. The book concludes with a look at winery waste recycling and closes with a chapter connecting hazardous waste management to broader sustainable development goals. Together, the chapters in this volume provide a multifaceted look at hazardous waste management strategies, current limitations, and the work still required to reduce ecological damage. The text is valuable for researchers of dangerous waste, industry operators, and policymakers looking to improve abatement practices. With its detailed case studies and technical analyses, the book offers both practical and big-picture insights to support the critical work of sustainable, effective hazardous waste management worldwide.