China's annual crude steel production in 2010 was 638.7 Mt accounting for nearly half of the world's annual crude steel production in the same year. Around 461 TWh of electricity and 14,872 PJ of fuel were consumed to produce this quantity of steel in 2010. We identified and analyzed 23 energy efficiency technologies and measures applicable to the processes in the iron and steel industry. The Conservation Supply Curve (CSC) used in this study is an analytical tool that captures both the engineering and the economic perspectives of energy conservation. Using a bottom-up electricity CSC model, the cumulative cost-effective electricity savings potential for the Chinese iron and steel industry for 2010-2030 is estimated to be 251 TWh, and the total technical electricity saving potential is 416 TWh. The CO2 emissions reduction associated with cost-effective electricity savings is 139 Mt CO2 and the CO2 emission reduction associated with technical electricity saving potential is 237 Mt CO2. The FCSC model for the iron and steel industry shows cumulative cost-effective fuel savings potential of 11,999 PJ, and the total technical fuel saving potential is 12,139. The CO2 emissions reduction associated with cost-effective and technical fuel savings is 1,191 Mt CO2 and 1,205 Mt CO2, respectively. In addition, a sensitivity analysis with respect to the discount rate used is conducted to assess the effect of changes in this parameter on the results. The result of this study gives a comprehensive and easy to understand perspective to the Chinese iron and steel industry and policy makers about the energy efficiency potential and its associated cost.

India’s energy system has evolved around domestic coal, sizable imports of oil and LNG, moderate contribution of hydro power, declining and yet sizable use of traditional biomass as cooking fuel by rural households and growing attention to modern renewable, nuclear and energy efficient technologies. India’s per-capita GHG emissions are below the global average and far below those in the developed countries. Notwithstanding the inherited fossil based energy system and high economic growth expectations, India voluntarily committed to reduce GHG emissions intensity of the economy by 20-25 per cent from 2005 to 2020. This book details inventory of energy and emissions at national and sector levels. It maps firm and locale level energy use and emissions and their impacts such as on the urban air pollution. The future energy and emissions trends are analyzed following scenarios analysis using integrated assessment modelling framework that aligns India’s national development goals with global climate change actions. The analysis shows that the global 2˚C temperature stabilization target shall require fundamental transformation of India’s energy system, both on demand and supply sides. The book demonstrates the necessity and validity of following a long-term development-centric perspective; even while delineating near-term energy and emissions policies, programs and targets such as those needed to delineate the Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs). The book, while illustrating the best practice modeling, scenarios development and policy assessment for India, provides insights into the mode and means of navigating the energy and emissions policy landscape for India. The complexity of the policymaking notwithstanding, the book is intended to demystify the methods and means for delineating the policies. The book, we hope demonstrates the need to use best practice methodologies for national assessments and also the existence of the scientific capacity in the country to carry out such assessments.

In recent years, global metallurgical industries have experienced fast and prosperous growth. High-temperature metallurgical technology is the backbone to support the technical, environmental, and economical needs for this growth. This collection features contributions covering the advancements and developments of new high-temperature metallurgical technologies and their applications to the areas of processing of minerals; extraction of metals; preparation of refractory and ceramic materials; sintering and synthesis of fine particles; treatment and recycling of slag and wastes; and saving of energy and protection of environment. The volume will have a broad impact on the academics and professionals serving the metallurgical industries around the world.

This book does not give a prediction of what the efficiency will be of the energy use of industrial processes in the future. However, it does give an exploration of limits to the efficiency of current processes and an indication of what might be achieved if new technologies can be developed. At the Department of Science, Technology and Society of Utrecht University research had been done to the opportunities for improvement of the energy efficiency in the short term since the 1980's. This had resulted in a comprehensive database on energy efficient measures. This database and a possible application are described in Chapter 3 of this book. The use of the database induced new research themes around efficiency improvement, e.g. concerning barriers for implementation of measures. It was around 1993 that I did a preliminary study to the potential for efficiency improvement in the long term. Historical analysis had shown us that the short term potential stayed constant over the years. It seemed to be replenished by the introduction of new technologies. This lead to the question whether there are limits to the efficiency, taking into account both thermodynamic considerations and ideas on the development and dissemination of new technologies.

Historical estimates of productivity growth in India's iron and steel sector vary from indicating an improvement to a decline in the sector's productivity. The variance may be traced to the time period of study, source of data for analysis, and type of indices and econometric specifications used for reporting productivity growth. The authors derive both growth accounting and econometric estimates of productivity growth for this sector. Their results show that over the observed period from 1973--74 to 1993--94 productivity declined by 1.71% as indicated by the Translog index. Calculations of the Kendrick and Solow indices support this finding. Using a translog specification the econometric analysis reveals that technical progress in India's iron and steel sector has been biased towards the use of energy and material, while it has been capital and labor saving. The decline in productivity was caused largely by the protective policy regarding price and distribution of iron and steel as well as by large inefficiencies in public sector integrated steel plants. Will these trends continue into the future, particularly where energy use is concerned? Most likely they will not. The authors examine the current changes in structure and energy efficiency undergoing in the sector. Their analysis shows that with the liberalization of the iron and steel sector, the industry is rapidly moving towards world-best technology, which will result in fewer carbon emissions and more efficient energy use in existing and future plants.

This book is a printed edition of the Special Issue "Real-Time Optimization" that was published in Processes

This book is intended for academics and engineers who are working in universities, research institutes, utility and industry sectors wishing to enhance their idea and get new information about the energy efficiency developments in smart grid. The readers will gain special experience with deep information and new idea about the energy efficiency topics. This book includes lots of problems and solutions that can easily be understood and integrated into larger projects and researches. The book enables some studies about monitoring, management and measures related to smart grid components, Energy Efficiency Improvements in smart grid components and new intelligent Control strategies for Distributed energy resources, boosting PV systems, electrical vehicles, etc. It included optimization concepts for power system, promoting value propositions; protection in power system, etc. The book also has some recent developments in solar cell technologies, LEDs and non thermal plasma technology. As I enjoyed preparing this book I am sure that it will be very valuable for large sector of readers.

This book provides a deep insight into the energy usage in the energy intensive metal industry and the methodology for efficiency assessment. Various methodologies for energy audits are described, along with concept-level analysis for minimum energy design. Apart from the technical and engineering analysis, the book also describes management aspects such as energy management systems and financial, environmental and social analysis leading to the development of a comprehensive plan for implementation of energy efficiency and conservation in industries. Barriers to investment in energy efficiency and conservation are discussed, based on review of global and Indian case studies. FEATURES: Details fundamental principles driving energy consumption in an industrial set-up backed with illustrative examples Explains various alternative methods for discovery of energy efficiency and conservation projects. Focusses on metal-producing and -processing facilities with an emphasis on environmental quality Supports maximum digitalization of energy audit assessment and report preparation processes Includes global case studies and tutorials at the end of the corresponding chapters This book is useful for researchers, professionals and graduate students in thermodynamics, manufacturing, thermal engineering, energy engineering, energy efficiency and energy processes, especially in the metal industry.

Advances in Carbon Capture reviews major implementations of CO2 capture, including absorption, adsorption, permeation and biological techniques. For each approach, key benefits and drawbacks of separation methods and technologies, perspectives on CO2 reuse and conversion, and pathways for future CO2 capture research are explored in depth. The work presents a comprehensive comparison of capture technologies. In addition, the alternatives for CO2 separation from various feeds are investigated based on process economics, flexibility, industrial aspects, purification level and environmental viewpoints. - Explores key CO2 separation and compare technologies in terms of provable advantages and limitations - Analyzes all critical CO2 capture methods in tandem with related technologies - Introduces a panorama of various applications of CO2 capture