This historic book may have numerous typos and missing text. Purchasers can usually download a free scanned copy of the original book (without typos) from the publisher. Not indexed. Not illustrated. 1912 edition. Excerpt: ... BOOK III On The Four Mathematical Sciences ON ARITHMETIC INTRODUCTION In examining Isidore's De Arithmetica two peculiarities of the development of the subject should be borne in mind. In the first place, the predominant position among the mathematical sciences which Isidore claims for arithmetic was one acquired by it comparatively late. Owing perhaps to the awkwardness of the Greek notation of number' geometry had been developed first, and historically arithmetic was an off-shoot from geometry and borrowed its terminology largely from it.2 It was not given an independent form until the time of Nicomachus (fl. ioo A. D.) whose Introductio Arithmetica was "the first exhaustive work in which arithmetic was treated quite independently of geometry." * Once it become independent, arithmetic, instead of geometry, came to be regarded as the fundamental mathemetical science. The old tradition is reflected in Martianus Capella's order of subjects, in which geom 1 " The cumulative evidence is surely very strong that the alphabetic numerals were first employed in Alexandria early in the third century II. C." J. Gow, A Short History of Greek Mathematics (Cambridge, 1884), p. 48. * We have in Isidore, for example, the terms Humerus trigonus, numerus quadratus, Humerus quinquangulus, and linealis, superHeialis, and eircutaris Humerus. Cajori, Hist, of Math., p. 72. 123] 3 etry is placed first and arithmetic second, while the newer tradition is seen in the order of Cassiodorus and Isidore, who both have passages also emphasizing the fundamental character of arithmetic. The second peculiarity is one which will surprise the modern reader who is familiar with arithmetic as a utilitarian study. The ancient arithmetica had nothing to do with...

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This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work is in the "public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.

Utilizing a “crusading ethos,” from 772 to 804 AD, Charlemagne, King of the Franks, waged war against the continental Saxons to integrate them within the growing Frankish Empire and facilitate their conversion to Christianity. While substantial research has been produced concerning various components of Carolingian history, this work offers a unique examination of Charlemagne’s Saxon Wars as a case study for understanding methods of conversion used in the Christianization of Europe, as well as their significance for subsequent conversion strategies employed around the globe. Converting the Saxons builds on prior scholarly research, is grounded in primary sources, and is contextualized with a robust historical introduction. Throughout the text, particular emphasis is given to Christian encounters with paganism and the way paganism was interpreted, confronted, and transformed. Within those encounters, we observe myriad forces of coercion and incentivization used in societal religious conversion, demonstrating the need for a serious reconsideration of the standard narratives surrounding Christian missions. This book provides a scholarly and accessible resource for students and researchers interested in transhistorical methods of conversion, the history of Christianity, Early Medieval paganism, Colonial religious encounters, and the nature of religious conversion.

One naturally assumes that when they listen to their Pastor, Reverend, or Priest, that they speak the truth, and takes for granted that when the Pope speaks, he also speaks the truth. Yet few Christians are conscious, much less concerned to hear about the truth, or of how they have been deceived for centuries, and betrayed again by their sacrosanct religious institutions bent upon enriching themselves by their ignorance of the faith's history and gullibility. This book deals with the truth, the truth, which many Christian sects do not wish to convey to their followers. For almost two thousand years Christians have maintained that Jesus was God incarnate, a sinless man, a man born of a virgin mother, a man who was the embodiment of perfection on earth, which is unflinchingly stated in their Christian Bibles, the New Testament, " Jesus] Who did no sin, neither was guile found in his mouth." I Peter 2:22, King James Authorized Version. Cf. Luke 2:48, Joseph is Jesus' father (?). "We are dying today from the fact of not having anyone who knows how to lay down his life for the Truth." Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, S.J., quoted in The Jesuits: The Society of Jesus and the Betrayal of the Roman Catholic Church by Malachi Martin, author of Vatican and The Final Conclave, pg. 286, 1987.