This report presents a cost analysis of Allyl Chloride production from chlorine and propylene. The process examined is a typical chlorination process. In this process, hydrogen chloride (32 wt%) is generated as by-product. This report was developed based essentially on the following reference(s): (1) "Allyl Compounds", Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2005 (2) "Allyl Chloride", Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 5th edition Keywords: HCl, 3-Chloropropene, Allyl Alcohol, Epichlorohydrin

Fluorine chemistry is an expanding area of research that is attracting international interest, due to the impact of fluorine in drug discovery and in clinical and molecular imaging (e.g. PET, MRI). Many researchers and academics are entering this area of research, while scientists in industrial and clinical environments are also indirectly exposed to fluorine chemistry through the use of fluorinated compounds for imaging.This book provides an overview of the impact that fluorine has made in the life sciences. In the first section, the emphasis is on how fluorine substitution of amino acids, peptides, nucleobases and carbohydrates can provide invaluable information at a molecular level. The following chapters provide answers to the key questions posed on the importance of fluorine in drug discovery and clinical applications. For examples, the reader will discover how fluorine has found its place as a key element improving drug efficacy, with reference to some of the best-selling drugs on the market. Finally, a thorough review on the design, synthesis and use of 18F-radiotracers for positron emission tomography is provided, and this is complemented with a discussion on how 19F NMR has advanced molecular and clinical imaging./a

This report presents a cost analysis of Epichlorohydrin production from chlorine and allyl chloride. This process is composed of an allyl chloride hypochlorination coupled with an alkaline epoxidation. Calcium chloride is generated as by-product. This report was developed based essentially on the following reference(s): Keywords: 3-Chloropropene, Hypochlorous Acid, HOCl, CONSER, Solvay, Spolchemie, Zachem, Dehydrochlorination

Introduction to Coordination Chemistry

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This volume, the second in the Methods in Pharmacology series, contains some of the physical methods which either have been or could be applied to pharmaco logical problems. A major emphasis has been placed on spectroscopic techniques, particularly those, such as optical rotatory dispersion and circular dichroism, fluorescence spectroscopy, magnetic resonance spectroscopy, ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy, stopped flow and relaxation spectrometry, Mossbauer spectroscopy, light scatter and x-ray crystallography, that can be used to study drug interactions with biological systems at a molecular level. Although phosphorescence spectro scopy and oscillographic polarography can also be used to study drug interactions, their main usefulness is in the detection and estimation of drugs and their meta bolities in body tissues and fluids. Mass spectrometry is a powerful tool for study ing the metabolism of drugs as well as for detecting abnormal endogenous metabolites in the body. Finally, heatburst microcalorimetry is a non spectroscopic technique that can be used to study how drugs and other ligands interact with biological macromolecules. Each chapter contains a brief introduction to the theoretical basis for each technique as well as a description of the instrumentation involved. This is followed by a section describing the application of the technique to pharmacological prob lems. Where these are not available, examples have been drawn from the other life sciences. In a final section, some further applications of each technique to problems in pharmacology are suggested.

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This report presents a cost analysis of Polyaluminum Chloride production from Aluminum hydroxide, sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, and calcium carbonate. In this process, Aluminum hydroxide is fed into the reactor containing sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid. The solution obtained is neutralized with calcium carbonate resulting in a mixture of Polyaluminum Chloride and gypsum crystals. This report was developed based essentially on the following reference(s): Keywords: PAC, Poly-Aluminum Chloride

This report presents a cost analysis of a typical Aluminium Chloride production process from aluminium metal and chlorine. In the process, chlorine gas is passed through molten aluminium powder in ceramic lined tube shaped reactors, producing Aluminium Chloride. This report examines one-time costs associated with the construction of a United States-based plant and the continuing costs associated with the daily operation of such a plant. More specifically, it discusses: * Capital Investment, broken down by: - Total fixed capital required, divided in production unit (ISBL); infrastructure (OSBL) and contingency - Alternative perspective on the total fixed capital, divided in direct costs, indirect costs and contingency - Working capital and costs incurred during industrial plant commissioning and start-up * Production cost, broken down by: - Manufacturing variable costs (raw materials, utilities) - Manufacturing fixed costs (maintenance costs, operating charges, plant overhead, local taxes and insurance) - Depreciation and corporate overhead costs * Raw materials consumption, products generation and labor requirements * Process block flow diagram and description of industrial site installations (production unit and infrastructure) Keywords: Aluminum Trichloride, Aluminium Scrap, Anhydrous Aluminium Chloride