PR: the date at which the first public reimbursement of the new drug is recorded in the formularies of each federal, provincial, and territorial drug program. [...] For the purposes of this report, the global development time for new medicines is assumed to be a function of factors outside of Canada's control; therefore, the time associated with this segment is presented for completeness but is not the focus of the main policy discussion in this paper, nor is it part of the overall wait time for access to new medicines measured here. [...] In Canada, the time patients spend waiting for government approval of a new drug is measured from the date the drug manufacturer's application for approval is recorded or filed in the Central Registry (CR) of Health Canada's Therapeutic Products Director- ate (TPD) or Biologics and Genetics Therapies Directorate (BGTD) following the comple- tion of clinical testing. [...] Since 2004, the equivalent authority to approve pharmaceutical and biological medicines in the United States has fallen under the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), with the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER), a part of the Food and Drugs Administration (FDA). [...] The delay in this segment is measured from the date at which Health Canada issues a NOC for a new drug to the date at which the first public reimbursement (PR) of the same drug is recorded in the formularies of each federal, provincial, and territorial drug program.

A readerʼs guide is provided to assist readers in locating entries on related topics. It classifies entries into 14 general categories: Causes, Cities, Demography and Characteristics, Health issues, History, Housing, Legal issues, Advocacy and policy, Lifestyle issues, Organizations, Perceptions of homelessness, Populations, Research, Service systems and settings, World perspectives and issues.

Over the past several decades, a gradual reduction in state funding has pressured patient groups into forming private-sector partnerships, raising an important ethical question: do these alliances ultimately lead to policies that are counter to the public interest? Health activist, scholar, and cancer survivor Sharon Batt examines the issue by investigating Canada’s breast cancer movement from 1990 to 2010. Health Advocacy, Inc. dissects the relationship between the companies that sell pharmaceuticals and the individuals who use them, drawing links between neoliberalism and corporate financing and the ensuing threat to the public health care system. Combining archival analysis, interviews with advocacy and industry representatives, and personal observation, Batt argues that the resulting power imbalance continues to challenge the groups’ ability to put patients’ interests ahead of those of the funders. A movement that once encouraged democratic participation in the development of health policy now eerily echoes the demands of the pharmaceutical industry. Batt’s thorough account of this shift defines the stakes of activism in public health today.

A revitalized version of the popular classic, the Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science, Second Edition targets new and dynamic movements in the distribution, acquisition, and development of print and online media-compiling articles from more than 450 information specialists on topics including program planning in the digital era, recruitment, information management, advances in digital technology and encoding, intellectual property, and hardware, software, database selection and design, competitive intelligence, electronic records preservation, decision support systems, ethical issues in information, online library instruction, telecommuting, and digital library projects.

Access Versus Ownership to Word Formation in Language and Computation

- NEW! Updated content reflects the latest changes in the industry. - NEW! Two new chapters include Crisis Resource Management and Patient Safety and Infection Control and Prevention.

"This book is an edited version of the author's earlier published Ph.D. thesis, titled Barriers to Health Policy Liberalization in Canada: Institutions, Information, Interests and Incentives"--T.p. verso.

In recent decades, asylum has emerged as a highly politicized European issue. The term ’asylum seeker’ has suffered a negative perception and has been associated with notions of illegality and criminality in mainstream media. These misconceptions have been supported by politicians as a distraction from economic and political uncertainties with the result that asylum seekers have been deprived of significant rights. This book examines the effect of recent attempts of harmonization on the identification and protection of refugees. It considers the extent of obligations on the state to admit and protect refugees and examines the 1951 Refugee Convention. The motivations of European legislators and legislation concerning asylum procedures and reception conditions are also analysed. Proposals and initiatives for refugee movements and determinations are examined and assessed. The author makes suggestions for better protection of refugees while responding to the security concerns of States, and questions whether European law and policy is doing enough to uphold the fundamental right to seek and enjoy asylum as set out in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. This book takes a bold look at a controversial issue and generates discussion for those involved in the fields of human rights, migrational and transnational studies, law and society and international law.