Our brain is a fractal structure that can grow thanks to some genes that contain a code, a formula that generates this structure. The basis of evolutionary sociology is that our brain will prompt behavior that is to the benefit of the spreading of our genes. Although people are unaware of it, they generally behave in ways that optimize the reproduction of their genes. Because they need resources from their environment (in the broadest sense of the word), they will show behavior that is conducive to procuring or securing as many resources as possible. To accomplish this mis-sion, people, being social animals, work together. The older parts of our brain (older in an evolutionary sense) make cooperation possible by means of emotion. The younger parts make it possible to formulate rules that reflect these emotions. In other words, these rules derive from factual, biological mechanisms. People experience these rules as “normative,” and as “ethical,” but even so, these rules are products of evolution. We, that is our brains, formulate them because they help our genes to spread. This, in a nutshell, is the biological theory of law as described in this book. Although philosophers of law and even sociobiologists are reluctant to concur that norms can be justified by biological mechanisms, this is what it takes to make a major step forward in the integration of biology, psychology, sociology, anthropology, and law.This book is a legalist's implicit answer to the ideas of Charles Darwin, Richard Dawkins, Richard Alexander, James Q. Wilson, Daniel Dennet, Matt Ridley, Frans de Waal, and other sociobiologists. By introducing fractals and important aspects of law, it further enhances our insights in human behavior. Free riders by heart use law to improve their reproduction, and thus feel happy.

A major contribution to the developing field of law and biology, this volume outlines Gruter's vision of what is particularly salient in modern biological theory for the law and applies these findings to two specific areas - family law and environmental law. By concentrating on ethology, in particular how animals behave in groups, Gruter contends that the door is opened onto insights into human law. A basic proposition of the book is that legal research and practice can keep pace more effectively with changes in human society when findings from the biological sciences are known, understood and incorporated into legal thinking and practice.

A major contribution to the developing field of law and biology, this volume outlines Gruter's vision of what is particularly salient in modern biological theory for the law and applies these findings to two specific areas - family law and environmental law. By concentrating on ethology, in particular how animals behave in groups, Gruter contends that the door is opened onto insights into human law. A basic proposition of the book is that legal research and practice can keep pace more effectively with changes in human society when findings from the biological sciences are known, understood and incorporated into legal thinking and practice.

The job of legal scholars is to describe the structure and coherence of norms Many philosophers of law presume it is impossible to derive norms from facts. All that nature can offer is informatie, not prescription, it is said. However, such a rigourous divide will cause jurisprudence to cut itself off form new discoveries in empiric sciences. On what terms is a biological theory of law feasible? Could it meet the objections against natural law theory? Would it be possible to justify our deeds by referring to biological mechanisms? Aren't we actually doing it all the time? The author argues that biological mechanims can be morally obligatory, because not living by them is tantamount ot failure to live in a group, with the result that underlying genes will not spread. We feel we ought to live according to group moral and rules. 'Reason' and 'normative thinking' are the result of biological processes; there are no external sources.

This work for the first time brings together case law and law based on norms. It offers the reader a survey and a new explanation of evolutionary emergence of social contracts and constitutions in the European history, and should help to build a bridge between 'two cultures', science and humanities. It is addressed to philosophers of law, historians of law, theorists of science and social scientists.

'The Laws of Evolution' questions our current understanding of the laws that govern our universe and its evolution.

Law and Evilpresents an alternative evolutionary picture of man, focusing on the origins and nature of human evil, and demonstrating its useful application in legal-philosophical analyses. Using this representation of human nature, Wojciech Zaluski analyses the development of law, which he interprets as moving from evolutionary ethics to genuine ethics, as well as arguing in favour of metaethical realism and ius naturale. Zaluski argues that human nature is undoubtedly ambivalent: human beings have been endowed by natural selection with moral, immoral, and neutral tendencies (the first ambivalence), and the moral tendencies themselves are ambivalent (the second ambivalence), giving rise to an inferior form of ethics called 'evolutionary ethics' Introducing a novel distinction between two types of evil, primary and secondary, this book explores the differences between evolutionary ethics and genuine ethics in order to analyse the history of legal systems and the controversy between natural law and legal positivism. Engaging and thought-provoking, this insightful book will be vital reading for both legal scholars and philosophers, especially those of law and moral philosophy. Evolutionary biologists with an interest in a philosophical interpretation of the results of evolutionary biology will also find this book an important read.

This book, authored by biologists, anthropologists, psychologists, sociologists, and lawyers, provides an introductory look into the process of setting up behavioral models which link biological principles, behavior, and the values of modern social and legal systems.

This book, a collection of essays written by the most eminent evolutionary biologist of the twentieth century, explores biology as an autonomous science, offers insights on the history of evolutionary thought, critiques the contributions of philosophy to the science of biology, and comments on several of the major ongoing issues in evolutionary theory. Notably, Mayr explains that Darwin's theory of evolution is actually five separate theories, each with its own history, trajectory and impact. Natural selection is a separate idea from common descent, and from geographic speciation, and so on. A number of the perennial Darwinian controversies may well have been caused by the confounding of the five separate theories into a single composite. Those interested in evolutionary theory, or the philosophy and history of science will find useful ideas in this book, which should appeal to virtually anyone with a broad curiosity about biology.