Keynes always intended to write 'footnotes' to his masterwork The General Theory, which would take account of the criticisms made of it and allow him to develop and refine his ideas further. However, a number of factors combined to prevent him from doing so before his death in 1946. A wide range of Keynes scholars - including James Tobin, Paul Davidson and Lord Skidelsky - have written here the 'footnotes' that Keynes never did.

This second volume contains essays which relate to developments in Keynes' scholarship and theorizing in the years since his death and demonstrates the ongoing validity of the Keynesian tradition.

The neglect of time in general and of the time structure of production in particular in mainstream economics led to the rebirth of the Austrian tradition in the seventies. The names of BERNHCLZ, HICKS, KIRZNER and VON WEIZSACKER are representative of different approaches. In 1979 my "Introduction to Modern Austrian Capital Theory" appeared, in which I unified various papers BERNHOLZ and I had written. I also linked our approach to those of VON NEUMANN, of HICKS and of neoclassical capital theory. These "Studies" supplement and continue my "Introduction" in various ways. With all the authors of the present volume I have cooperated for several years. This volume is subdivided into five parts. The first one, Historical Perspectives, gives first an outline on the development of Austrian capital theory from its origins to the present. Next it relates Modern Austrian Capital Theory to SRAFFA's theory and to the Austrian subjectivists' pure time preference theory of interest. The latter theory is represented in its opposition to the traditional productivity-cum-time preference explanation of interest, which is. common t9 neoclassical and BOHM-BAWERKian capital theory alike. The Austrian subjectivist pure time preference theory has been misinterpreted in its recent presentation, which has led to misunderstandings. It is shown that there is no real contradiction between the two appoaches.

The object of this collection of essays is to acquaint the English speaking reader with the work of the IFO Institute for Economic Re search, tlunich, in the field of business cycle surveys. These written surveys of about 10,000 businessmen in the West German economy collect information which is not otherwise contained in the official statis tics. The information in question primarily involves entrepreneurial judgements and anticipations (plans and expectations). These variables have proved to be very useful for economic diagnosis and prognosis. In the meantime, the survey methods developed by the IFO Institute have been adopted by 16 different countries throughout the world. The monthly business cycle surveys carried out by the EEC Commission, Brussels, in the industries of the member countries are also based to a large extent on the IFO methods. This is the first publication in English to furnish a comprehensive review of the IFO survey technique and the possibilities of utilization of this survey method in business cycle research. Efforts to develop new economic indicators on the basis of judgement and anticipation data have not yet terminated; many theoretical and methodical questions have still to be answered, and perhaps many have yet to be posed. Accordingly, the following collection of ten essays is not a final stock-taking but an interim report on several paths taken by the IFO Institute in its search for economic indicators. Possibly, some of these will later prove to have been a roundabout way.

This title was first published in 2001. Ethical considerations play a key role in both the theoretical and practical functioning of the welfare state. The contributors to this book examine these ethical issues, and demonstrate how value judgements must be integrated into any analysis of social security reform.