This is a book presenting to a wide audience of readers, ranging from fans of science to professional researchers, some of the authors' recent discoveries in three distinct, but intimately related domains: probability theory (Bertrand's paradox), observation in physics (the measurement problem) and the modeling of experiments in psychology (quantum cognition). In all three of these domains of investigation, and the associated problems, the authors explain how to advantageously use the key notion of universal measurement, which constitutes the fil rouge of the whole text.

Electrical and Electronic Measurement and Instrumentation' is one of the core subjects taught to Electrical, Electronic and Instrumentation students at B.Tech and other equivalent levels. The content of this book has been prepared after consulting the syllabuses of a large number of Indian universities. Although books are available on this subject, it was felt necessary to prepare the one that exactly responds to the students' learning needs and to create their interest in this subject. Thus, the presentation here has been especially made simple and easy to understand.

The importance of electronic measuring instruments and transducers is well known in the various engineering fields. The book provides comprehensive coverage of various electronic measuring instruments, transducers, data acquisition system, oscilloscopes and measurement of physical parameters. The book starts with explaining the theory of measurement including characteristics of instruments, classification, statistical analysis and limiting errors. Then the book explains the various analog and digital instruments such as average and true rms responding voltmeters, chopper and sampling voltmeter, types of digital voltmeters, multimeter and ohmmeter. It also includes the discussion of high frequency impedance measurement. The book further explains types of signal generators and various signal analyzers such as wave analyzer, logic analyzer, distortion analyzer and power analyzer. The book teaches various d.c. and a.c. bridges along with necessary derivations and phasor diagrams. The book incorporates the discussion of various types of conventional and special purpose oscilloscopes. The book includes the discussion of time and frequency measurement and types of recorders. The chapter on transducers is dedicated to the detailed discussion of various types of transducers. The book also includes the measurement of various physical parameters such as flow, displacement, velocity, force, pressure and torque. Finally, it incorporates the discussion of data acquisition system. Each chapter gives the conceptual knowledge about the topic dividing it in various sections and subsections. Each chapter provides the detailed explanation of the topic, practical examples and variety of solved problems. The book explains the philosophy of the subject which makes the understanding of the concepts very clear and makes the subject more interesting.

Measurements are a central institutional component of markets and economic exchange. By the nineteenth century, the measurement system in Britain was desperately in need of revision: a multiplicity of measurement standards, proliferation of local or regional weights and measures, and a confusing array of measurement practices made everyday measurements unreliable. Aashish Velkar uncovers how metrology and economic logic alone failed to make 'measurements' reliable, and discusses the importance of localised practices in shaping trust in them. Markets and Measurements in Nineteenth-Century Britain steers away from the traditional explanations of measurement reliability based on the standardisation and centralisation of metrology; the focus is on changing measurement practices in local economic contexts. Detailed case studies from the industrial revolution suggest that such practices were path-dependent and 'anthropocentric'. Therefore, whilst standardised metrology may have improved precision, it was localised practices that determined the reliability and trustworthiness of measurements in economic contexts.

Established by Congress in 1901, the National Bureau of Standards (NBS), now the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), has a long and distinguished history as the custodian and disseminator of the United States' standards of physical measurement. Having reached its centennial anniversary, the NBS/NIST reflects on and celebrates its first century with this book describing some of its seminal contributions to science and technology. Within these pages are 102 vignettes that describe some of the Institute's classic publications. Each vignette relates the context in which the publication appeared, its impact on science, technology, and the general public, and brief details about the lives and work of the authors. The groundbreaking works depicted include: A breakthrough paper on laser-cooling of atoms below the Doppler limit, which led to the award of the 1997 Nobel Prize for Physics to William D. Phillips The official report on the development of the radio proximity fuse, one of the most important new weapons of World War II The 1932 paper reporting the discovery of deuterium in experiments that led to Harold Urey's1934 Nobel Prize for Chemistry A review of the development of the SEAC, the first digital computer to employ stored programs and the first to process images in digital form The first paper demonstrating that parity is not conserved in nuclear physics, a result that shattered a fundamental concept of theoretical physics and led to a Nobel Prize for T. D. Lee and C. Y. Yang "Observation of Bose-Einstein Condensation in a Dilute Atomic Vapor," a 1995 paper that has already opened vast new areas of research A landmark contribution to the field of protein crystallography by Wlodawer and coworkers on the use of joint x-ray and neutron diffraction to determine the structure of proteins

The importance of measurements is well known in the field of Engineering. This book has been designed as a basic text for the undergraduate students of Electrical Engineering. This book meets the requirements of the syllabus of JNTU and other Universities