In this revised and expanded edition, in addition to a comprehensible introduction to the theoretical foundations of quantum tunneling based on different methods of formulating and solving tunneling problems, different semiclassical approximations for multidimensional systems are presented. Particular attention is given to the tunneling of composite systems, with examples taken from molecular tunneling and also from nuclear reactions. The interesting and puzzling features of tunneling times are given extensive coverage, and the possibility of measurement of these times with quantum clocks are critically examined.In addition, by considering the analogy between evanescent waves in waveguides and in quantum tunneling, the times related to electromagnetic wave propagation have been used to explain certain aspects of quantum tunneling times. These topics are treated in both non-relativistic as well as relativistic regimes. Finally, a large number of examples of tunneling in atomic, molecular, condensed matter and nuclear physics are presented and solved.

The field of single charge tunneling comprises of phenomena where the tunneling of a microscopic charge, usually carried by an electron or a Cooper pair, leads to macro scopically observable effects. The first conference entirely devoted to this new field was the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Single Charge Tunneling held in Les Hauches, France, March 5-15, 1991. This book contains a series of tutorial articles based on lectures presented at the meeting. It was intended to provide both an introduction for nonexperts and a valuable reference summarizing the state of the art of single charge tun neling. A complementary publication with contributions by participants of the NATO Advanced Study Institute is the Special Issue on Single Charge Tunneling of Zeitschrift für Physik B, Vol. 85, pp. 317-468 (1991 ). That issue with original papers provides a snapshot af the leading edge of current research in the field. The success of the meeting and the publicatian of this volume was made possible through the generaus support af the NATO Scientific A:ffairs Division, Brussels, Belgium. The Centre de Physique des Hauches has provided a superbly situated conference site and took care af many lacal arrangements. Both far the preparation of the conference and the handling af some manuscripts the suppart af the Centre d 'Etudes de Saclay was essential. The editing of the proceedings volume would not have been passible without the dedicated efforts of Dr. G. -1. Ingald, who tailared a 1\.

The building of a nation -- Societal benefits -- Railroad tunnels -- Transit tunnels -- Highway tunnels -- Water tunnels -- Wastewater tunnels -- Innovations in tunneling -- The future of tunneling

This book has been compiled to give specialists, in areas that could be helped by tunneling spectroscopy, a rounded and relatively painless intro duction to the field. Why relatively painless? Because this book is filled with figures-A quick glance through these figures can give one a good idea of the types of systems that can be studied and the quality of results that can be obtained. To date, it has been somewhat difficult to learn about tunneling spectroscopy, as papers in this field have appeared in a diversity of scientific journals: for example. The Journal of Adhesion, J(}urnal (}f Catalysis, Surface and Interface Analysis, Science, Journal of the American Chemical Society, Physical Review-over 45 different ones in all, plus numerous conference proceedings. This diversity is, however, undoubtedly healthy. It indicates that the findings of tunneling spectroscopy are of interest and potential benefit to a wide audience. This book can help people who have seen a few papers or heard a talk on tunneling spectroscopy and want to learn more about what it can do for their field. Tunneling spectroscopy is presently in a transitional state. Its experi mental methods and theoretical basis have been reasonably well developed. Its continued vitality will depend on the success of its applications. Crucial to that success, as pointed out by Ward Plummer, is the adoption of tunneling spectroscopy by specialists in the areas of application.

This Practical Guide to Rock Tunneling fills an important void in the literature for a practical guide to the design and construction of tunnels in rock. Practical Guide to Rock Tunneling takes the reader through all the critical steps of the design and construction for rock tunnels starting from geotechnical site investigations through to construction supervision. The guide provides suggestions and recommendations for practitioners on special topics of laboratory testing, durability of rock and acceptance for unlined water conveyance tunnels, overstressing or deep and long tunnels, risk-based evaluation of excavation methods, contract strategies, and post-construction inspections. Key considerations and lessons learned from selected case projects are presented based on the author’s extensive international experience of over 30 years and 1000 km of tunneling for civil, hydropower, and mining infrastructure, including some of the most recognized projects in the world to date. Instead of revisiting all theory and concepts that can be found in other sources, this book contains the hard learned lessons from the author’s experience in the field of Rock Tunneling, gathered over 30 years of service.

Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and its extensions have become revolutionary tools in the fields of physics, materials science, chemistry, and biology. These new microscopies have evolved from their beginnings asresearch aids to their current use as commercial tools in the laboratory and on the factory floor. New wonders continue to unfold as STM delivers atomic scale imaging and electrical characterization of the newly emerging nanometer world. This volume in the METHODS OF EXPERIMENTAL PHYSICS Series describes the basics of scanning tunneling microscopy, provides a fundamental theoretical understanding of the technique and a thorough description of the instrumentation, and examines numerous examples and applications. Written by the pioneers of the field, this volume is an essential handbook for researchers and users of STM, as well as a valuable resource for libraries.

This book contains the proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on "Resonant Tunneling in Semiconductors: Physics and Applications", held at Escorial, Spain, on May 14-18, 1990. The tremendous growth in the past two decades in the field of resonant tunneling in semiconductor heterostructures has followed, if not outpaced, the expansion wit nessed in quantum structures in general. Resonant tunneling shares also the multi disciplinary nature of that broad area, with an emphasis on the underlying physics but with a coverage of material systems on the one end and device applications on the other. Indeed, that resonant tunneling provides great flexibility in terms of materials and configurations and that it is inherently a fast process with obvious device impli cations by the presence of a negative differential resistance have contributed to the unrelenting interest in this field. These proceedings consist of 49 refereed articles; they correspond to both invited and contributed talks at the workshop. Because of the intertwinning nature of the subject matter, it has been difficult to subdivide them in well-defined sections. Instead, they are arranged in several broad categories, meant to serve only as guidelines of emphasis on different topics and aspects. The book starts with an introduction to res onant tunneling by providing a perspective of the field in the first article. This is fol lowed by discussions of different material systems with various band-structure effects.

Due to its nondestructive imaging power, scanning tunneling microscopy has found major applications in the fields of physics, chemistry, engineering, and materials science. This book provides a comprehensive treatment of scanning tunneling and atomic force microscopy, with full coverage of the imaging mechanism, instrumentation, and sample applications. The work is the first single-author reference on STM and presents much valuable information previously available only as proceedings or collections of review articles. It contains a 32-page section of remarkable STM images, and is organized as a self-contained work, with all mathematical derivations fully detailed. As a source of background material and current data, the book will be an invaluable resource for all scientists, engineers, and technicians using the imaging abilities of STM and AFM. It may also be used as a textbook in senior-year and graduate level STM courses, and as a supplementary text in surface science, solid-state physics, materials science, microscopy, and quantum mechanics.

This publication includes papers from the North American Tunneling 2004 conference, sponsored by the American Underground Construction Association. The theme of the conference is "Underground Construction - the Sensible Solution to Urban Problems" to reflect the increasing importance of locating urban facilities in the United States underground for enhanced security, to build critical infrastructure where it is needed and to improve the function of urban areas. The papers are grouped in four major themes: - Management of Underground Projects - Public Policy and Underground Projects - Advances in Technology - Case Studies: Trials, Tribulation and Triumphs in Tunneling This work should benefit everyone involved in any aspect of infrastructure, tunneling and underground construction.

This book presents a unified view of the rapidly growing field of scanning tunneling microscopy and its many derivatives. After examining novel scanning-probe techniques and the instrumentation and methods, the book provides detailed accounts of STM applications. It examines limitations of the present-day investigations and provides insight into further trends. "I strongly recommend that Professor Bai's book be a part of any library that serves surface scientists, biochemists, biophysicists, material scientists, and students of any science or engineering field...There is no doubt that this is one of the better (most thoughtful) texts." Journal of the American Chemical Society (Review of 1/e)