In many statistical applications, scientists have to analyze the occurrence of observed clusters of events in time or space. Scientists are especially interested in determining whether an observed cluster of events has occurred by chance if it is assumed that the events are distributed independently and uniformly over time or space. Scan statistics have relevant applications in many areas of science and technology including geology, geography, medicine, minefield detection, molecular biology, photography, quality control and reliability theory and radio-optics.

Boundary-Scan, formally known as IEEE/ANSI Standard 1149.1-1990, is a collection of design rules applied principally at the Integrated Circuit (IC) level that allow software to alleviate the growing cost of designing, producing and testing digital systems. A fundamental benefit of the standard is its ability to transform extremely difficult printed circuit board testing problems that could only be attacked with ad-hoc testing methods into well-structured problems that software can easily deal with. IEEE standards, when embraced by practicing engineers, are living entities that grow and change quickly. The Boundary-Scan Handbook, Second Edition: Analog and Digital is intended to describe these standards in simple English rather than the strict and pedantic legalese encountered in the standards. The 1149.1 standard is now over eight years old and has a large infrastructure of support in the electronics industry. Today, the majority of custom ICs and programmable devices contain 1149.1. New applications for the 1149.1 protocol have been introduced, most notably the `In-System Configuration' (ISC) capability for Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs). The Boundary-Scan Handbook, Second Edition: Analog and Digital updates the information about IEEE Std. 1149.1, including the 1993 supplement that added new silicon functionality and the 1994 supplement that formalized the BSDL language definition. In addition, the new second edition presents completely new information about the newly approved 1149.4 standard often termed `Analog Boundary-Scan'. Along with this is a discussion of Analog Metrology needed to make use of 1149.1. This forms a toolset essential for testing boards and systems of the future.

From its initial publication titled Laser Beam Scanning in 1985 to Handbook of Optical and Laser Scanning, now in its second edition, this reference has kept professionals and students at the forefront of optical scanning technology. Carefully and meticulously updated in each iteration, the book continues to be the most comprehensive scanning resource on the market. It examines the breadth and depth of subtopics in the field from a variety of perspectives. The Second Edition covers: Technologies such as piezoelectric devices Applications of laser scanning such as Ladar (laser radar) Underwater scanning and laser scanning in CTP As laser costs come down, and power and availability increase, the potential applications for laser scanning continue to increase. Bringing together the knowledge and experience of 26 authors from England, Japan and the United States, the book provides an excellent resource for understanding the principles of laser scanning. It illustrates the significance of scanning in society today and would help the user get started in developing system concepts using scanning. It can be used as an introduction to the field and as a reference for persons involved in any aspect of optical and laser beam scanning.

From its initial publication titled Laser Beam Scanning in 1985 to Handbook of Optical and Laser Scanning, now in its second edition, this reference has kept professionals and students at the forefront of optical scanning technology. Carefully and meticulously updated in each iteration, the book continues to be the most comprehensive scanning resource on the market. It examines the breadth and depth of subtopics in the field from a variety of perspectives. The Second Edition covers: Technologies such as piezoelectric devices Applications of laser scanning such as Ladar (laser radar) Underwater scanning and laser scanning in CTP As laser costs come down, and power and availability increase, the potential applications for laser scanning continue to increase. Bringing together the knowledge and experience of 26 authors from England, Japan and the United States, the book provides an excellent resource for understanding the principles of laser scanning. It illustrates the significance of scanning in society today and would help the user get started in developing system concepts using scanning. It can be used as an introduction to the field and as a reference for persons involved in any aspect of optical and laser beam scanning.

Scanning electr on microscopy (SEM) and x-ray microanalysis can produce magnified images and in situ chemical information from virtually any type of specimen. The two instruments generally operate in a high vacuum and a very dry environment in order to produce the high energy beam of electrons needed for imaging and analysis. With a few notable exceptions, most specimens destined for study in the SEM are poor conductors and composed of beam sensitive light elements containing variable amounts of water. In the SEM, the imaging system depends on the specimen being sufficiently electrically conductive to ensure that the bulk of the incoming electrons go to ground. The formation of the image depends on collecting the different signals that are scattered as a consequence of the high energy beam interacting with the sample. Backscattered electrons and secondary electrons are generated within the primary beam-sample interactive volume and are the two principal signals used to form images. The backscattered electron coefficient ( ? ) increases with increasing atomic number of the specimen, whereas the secondary electron coefficient ( ? ) is relatively insensitive to atomic number. This fundamental diff- ence in the two signals can have an important effect on the way samples may need to be prepared. The analytical system depends on collecting the x-ray photons that are generated within the sample as a consequence of interaction with the same high energy beam of primary electrons used to produce images.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is among the most important medical imaging techniques available today. There is an installed base of approximately 15,000 MRI scanners worldwide. Each of these scanners is capable of running many different "pulse sequences", which are governed by physics and engineering principles, and implemented by software programs that control the MRI hardware. To utilize an MRI scanner to the fullest extent, a conceptual understanding of its pulse sequences is crucial. Handbook of MRI Pulse Sequences offers a complete guide that can help the scientists, engineers, clinicians, and technologists in the field of MRI understand and better employ their scanner. - Explains pulse sequences, their components, and the associated image reconstruction methods commonly used in MRI - Provides self-contained sections for individual techniques - Can be used as a quick reference guide or as a resource for deeper study - Includes both non-mathematical and mathematical descriptions - Contains numerous figures, tables, references, and worked example problems

This book was developed with the goal of providing an easily understood text for those users of the scanning electron microscope (SEM) who have little or no background in the area. The SEM is routinely used to study the surface structure and chemistry of a wide range of biological and synthetic materials at the micrometer to nanometer scale. Ease-of-use, typically facile sample preparation, and straightforward image interpretation, combined with high resolution, high depth of field, and the ability to undertake microchemical and crystallographic analysis, has made scanning electron microscopy one of the most powerful and versatile techniques for characterization today. Indeed, the SEM is a vital tool for the characterization of nanostructured materials and the development of nanotechnology. However, its wide use by professionals with diverse technical backgrounds—including life science, materials science, engineering, forensics, mineralogy, etc., and in various sectors of government, industry, and academia—emphasizes the need for an introductory text providing the basics of effective SEM imaging.A Beginners’ Guide to Scanning Electron Microscopy explains instrumentation, operation, image interpretation and sample preparation in a wide ranging yet succinct and practical text, treating the essential theory of specimen-beam interaction and image formation in a manner that can be effortlessly comprehended by the novice SEM user. This book provides a concise and accessible introduction to the essentials of SEM includes a large number of illustrations specifically chosen to aid readers' understanding of key concepts highlights recent advances in instrumentation, imaging and sample preparation techniques offers examples drawn from a variety of applications that appeal to professionals from diverse backgrounds.

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is the most important thermal analysis technique used today and the most common thermal analysis instrument found in chemical characterization laboratories. DSC has become an everyday tool in characterization laboratories, but many researchers using this technique have a limited understanding of the true breadth of its capabilities. Up to now, there has been no book that would describe the application of DSC in all the various areas of materials chemistry. The Handbook of Differential Scanning Calorimetry has been written to fill that void. This book is designed to summarize the knowledge of differential scanning calorimetry so that materials researchers and application chemists are given both a better understanding of techniques , as well as a review of the full scope of its capabilities. It also discusses how to properly interpret the DSC thermograms data obtained. Included in this work is the most up-to-date information written by some of the leaders in the field. It is written not only to help users get the most out of their equipment, After reading this book, people in all chemical and biological areas will have a broad overview of this measuring technique, and will be able to utilize this analytical technique more efficiently. - Provides a detail description of the theory behind differential scanning while simultaneously providing a wider breadth of understanding of the actual DSC technique - Includes a review of the basics of heat flux and power compensation DSC's, as well as separate chapters on inorganic and organic materials - Reviews the most common commercial DSC instruments on the market and their uses, including TA Instruments, Perkin-Elmer, Hitachi, Mettler Toledo, Netzsch, and Setaram

Identifies seven personality types that share a common quality of having numerous unrelated interests, explaining how to prioritize and pursue multiple goals simultaneously in order to enjoy a successful and varied life.