Experienced and knowledgeable secondary educators share information regarding what works and what the challenges are for dual language programs that expand to grades 6-12.

Virginia was a battleground state in the struggle to implement Brown v. Board of Education, with one of the South’s largest and strongest NAACP units fighting against a program of noncompliance crafted by the state’s political leaders. Keep On Keeping On offers a detailed examination of how African Americans and the NAACP in Virginia successfully pursued a legal agenda that provided new educational opportunities for the state’s black population in the face of fierce opposition from segregationists and the Democratic Party of Harry F. Byrd Sr. Keep On Keeping On is the first book to offer a comprehensive view of African Americans’ efforts to obtain racial equality in Virginia in the later twentieth century. Brian J. Daugherity considers the relationship between the various levels of the NAACP, the ideas and actions of other African American organizations, and the stances of Virginia’s political leaders, white liberals and moderates, and segregationists. In doing so, the author provides a better understanding of the connections between the actions of white political leaders and those of black civil rights activists working to bring about school desegregation. Blending social, legal, southern, and African American history, this book sheds new light on the civil rights movement and white resistance to civil rights in Virginia and the South.

This document represents the second hearing before the Subcommittee on Early Childhood, Youth and Families, held in Washington, DC on May 11, 1999 on the education technology programs authorized under the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA). Michael Castle, Chairman of the Subcommittee on Early Childhood, Youth and Families, Committee on Education and the Workforce, U.S. House of Representatives, presided. Contents include the opening statements of Chairman Michael Castle and of ranking member Dale Kildee and statements of: the Honorable Eugene Hickok, Secretary, Pennsylvania Department of Education, Harrisburg; Dr. Henry Marockie, State Superintendent of Schools, West Virginia Department of Education, Charleston; Professor Dale Mann, Program in Educational Administration, Department of Organization and Leadership, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, New York; Dr. Robert McNergney, Professor of Educational Leadership Foundations and Policy, Curry School of Education, University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Ms. Terri Austin, Executive Director, Organizational Department, Anderson Community School Corporation, Anderson, Indiana; and Mr. Bruce Droste, Director, the Virtual High School, the Concord Consortium, Concord, Massachusetts. Appendixes include the written opening statement of Chairman Michael Castle and the written testimonies of: the Honorable Eugene Hickok, Dr. Henry Marockie, Professor Dale Mann, Dr. Robert McNergney; Ms. Terri Austin; and Mr. Bruce Droste. (Includes a table of indexes.) (AEF)

How the United States can provide equal educational opportunity to every child The United States Supreme Court closed the courthouse door to federal litigation to narrow educational funding and opportunity gaps in schools when it ruled in San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez in 1973 that the Constitution does not guarantee a right to education. Rodriguez pushed reformers back to the state courts where they have had some success in securing reforms to school funding systems through education and equal protection clauses in state constitutions, but far less success in changing the basic structure of school funding in ways that would ensure access to equitable and adequate funding for schools. Given the limitations of state school funding litigation, education reformers continue to seek new avenues to remedy inequitable disparities in educational opportunity and achievement, including recently returning to federal court. This book is the first comprehensive examination of three issues regarding a federal right to education: why federal intervention is needed to close educational opportunity and achievement gaps; the constitutional and statutory legal avenues that could be employed to guarantee a federal right to education; and, the scope of what a federal right to education should guarantee. A Federal Right to Education provides a timely and thoughtful analysis of how the United States could fulfill its unmet promise to provide equal educational opportunity and the American Dream to every child, regardless of race, class, language proficiency, or neighborhood.