Historians commonly designate the High Middle Ages as the era of the "papal monarchy," when the popes of Rome vied with secular rulers for spiritual and temporal supremacy. Indeed, in many ways the story of the papal monarchy encapsulates that of medieval Europe as often remembered: a time before the modern age, when religious authorities openly clashed with emperors, kings, and princes for political mastery of their world, claiming sovereignty over Christendom, the universal community of Christian kingdoms, churches, and peoples. At no point was this conflict more widespread and dramatic than during the papacies of Gregory IX (1227-1241) and Innocent IV (1243-1254). Their struggles with the Hohenstaufen Emperor Frederick II (1212-1250) echoed in the corridors of power and the court of public opinion, ranging from the battlefields of Italy to the streets of Jerusalem. In The Two Powers, Brett Edward Whalen has written a new history of this combative relationship between the thirteenth-century papacy and empire. Countering the dominant trend of modern historiography, which focuses on Frederick instead of the popes, he redirects our attention to the papal side of the historical equation. By doing so, Whalen highlights the ways in which Gregory and Innocent acted politically and publicly, realizing their priestly sovereignty through the networks of communication, performance, and documentary culture that lay at the unique disposal of the Apostolic See. Covering pivotal decades that included the last major crusades, the birth of the Inquisition, and the unexpected invasion of the Mongols, The Two Powers shows how Gregory and Innocent's battles with Frederick shaped the historical destiny of the thirteenth-century papacy and its role in the public realm of medieval Christendom.

The first full study of the most remarkable history of the early popes and their relationship with Rome, the Liber pontificalis.

Finding that there was not room to treat all the aspects of European history with the same fulness, the author resolved to limit himself to the central struggle between the Papacy and the Empire, and to the events directly connected with it. He has therefore only busied himself with the affairs of Scandinavia, the Baltic lands, and the Slavonic kingdoms of the East so far as they stand in direct relation to the main currents of European history. The history of the Mohammedan Powers has been treated in the same way, and even Christian Spain has only been allowed a very small number of pages. This necessary limitation has afforded more room for the main purpose of the writer, which has been to narrate, with some amount of detail, the political and ecclesiastical history of the chief states of Southern and Western Europe, and in particular of Germany, Italy, France, and the Eastern Empire. The expansion of the Latin and Catholic world at the expense of both the Orthodox Greeks and the Mohammedans, stands so much in ivthe forefront of the history of the period that it could not be neglected, though the writer has avoided treating the Crusades in much detail.

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The book 'The Empire and the Papacy, 918-1273' contains the detailed political and ecclesiastical history of papacy in relationship with the chief states of southern and western Europe, in particular Germany, Italy, France, and the eastern empire. The author has discussed the expansion of the Latin and Catholic world and the development of the ecclesiastical system as these pertain to political history.Contents: Introduction The Saxon Kings of the Germans, and the Revival of the Roman Empire by Otto I The German Empire at the Height of its Power. The later Saxon and early Salian Emperors France and its Vassal States under the last Carolingians and the early Capetians The Cluniac Reformation, and Italy in the Eleventh Century, The Investiture Contest The Eastern Empire and theSeljukian Turks The Early Crusades and the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem The Monastic Movement and the Twelfth Century Renascence Germany and Italy Frederick Barbarossa and Alexander III. The renewed Conflict between Papacy and Empire France, Normandy, and Anjou, and the Beginnings of the Greatness of the Capetian Monarchy The Third Crusade and the Reign of Henry VI Europe in the days of Innocent III The Byzantine Empire in the Twelfth Century; the Fourth Crusade, and the Latin Empire in the East Frederick II and the Papacy France under Philip Augustus and St. Louis The Universities and the Friars The Last Crusades and the East in the Thirteenth Century The Growth of Christian Spain The Fall of the Hohenstaufen and the Great Interregnum

Reproduction of the original.

This classic text outlines the development of the Papacy as an institution in the Middle Ages. With profound knowledge, insight and sophistication, Walter Ullmann traces the course of papal history from the late Roman Empire to its eventual decline in the Renaissance. The focus of this survey is on the institution and the idea of papacy rather than individual figures, recognizing the shaping power of the popes' roles that made them outstanding personalities. The transpersonal idea, Ullmann argues, sprang from Christianity itself and led to the Papacy as an institution sui generis.