As essential nutrients, sodium and potassium contribute to the fundamentals of physiology and pathology of human health and disease. In clinical settings, these are two important blood electrolytes, are frequently measured and influence care decisions. Yet, blood electrolyte concentrations are usually not influenced by dietary intake, as kidney and hormone systems carefully regulate blood values. Over the years, increasing evidence suggests that sodium and potassium intake patterns of children and adults influence long-term population health mostly through complex relationships among dietary intake, blood pressure and cardiovascular health. The public health importance of understanding these relationships, based upon the best available evidence and establishing recommendations to support the development of population clinical practice guidelines and medical care of patients is clear. This report reviews evidence on the relationship between sodium and potassium intakes and indicators of adequacy, toxicity, and chronic disease. It updates the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) using an expanded DRI model that includes consideration of chronic disease endpoints, and outlines research gaps to address the uncertainties identified in the process of deriving the reference values and evaluating public health implications.

Reducing the intake of sodium is an important public health goal for Americans. Since the 1970s, an array of public health interventions and national dietary guidelines has sought to reduce sodium intake. However, the U.S. population still consumes more sodium than is recommended, placing individuals at risk for diseases related to elevated blood pressure. Strategies to Reduce Sodium Intake in the United States evaluates and makes recommendations about strategies that could be implemented to reduce dietary sodium intake to levels recommended by the Dietary Guidelines for Americans. The book reviews past and ongoing efforts to reduce the sodium content of the food supply and to motivate consumers to change behavior. Based on past lessons learned, the book makes recommendations for future initiatives. It is an excellent resource for federal and state public health officials, the processed food and food service industries, health care professionals, consumer advocacy groups, and academic researchers.

report on the latest developments in the field with new information in basic as well as in clinical sciences, Sodium in Health Diseases, covers both the physiology of sodium balance and how it relates to disease. Expertly written, its concise text examines ATPase, transport and receptor systems, and sodium balance as it relates to sex hormon

This nutritional counter is an indispensable reference for anyone who is watching his or her salt intake. It is small enough to put in a pocket or purse to enable one to make wise food choices at the grocery store and while dining out. Intended for the estimated 60 million Americans with high blood pressure and severe kidney disease, this guide addresses which supermarket products and fast food items have the lowest sodium counts and simplifies supermarket choices by listing only low sodium products. Each food is analyzed by calories, fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, carbohydrates, fiber, sugar, and sodium. Also included are brief descriptions of each of these nutrients and their effect on blood pressure, explanations of food labeling guidelines, and clarification of nutritional content claims.

For those 65 million Americans who suffer from hypertension, as well as everyone else who has to or wants to curb their sodium intake, preparing meals that are both tasty and nutritionally responsible can prove to be very difficult. Throw in the culinary preferences of other family members, and finding meals everyone will enjoy can be as painful as adding salt to a wound, right . . . ? Not anymore. The Complete Idiot's Guide to Low-Sodium Mealsoffers readers more than 250 delicious recipes the whole family can get excited about. From appetizers to desserts and everything in between, this book focuses on the everyday kinds of recipes families have grown to love and can put together with simple and flavourful salt substitutes. Readers might not see that hard-to-find recipe for carrot soup with leek and blood orange, but they will discover lots of delicious and easy-to-prepare, low-sodium recipes.

Donald Gazzaniga, diagnosed with congestive heart failure, was headed for a heart transplant - the only effective medical treatment. Urged by his doctor to keep his sodium intake "under 1,500-2000 mg. a day," Don headed for the kitchen and went to work. Aware that cutting out table salt is the barest beginning of a true low-sodium diet, Don devised recipes for delicious low-sodium dishes that added up to less than 500 mg. daily, 70% lower than those in other low-sodium cookbooks. The result? Don's name has been removed from the transplant list and his doctors believe that his diet played a significant role. The No-Salt, Lowest-Sodium Cookbook contains: * Hundreds of good tasting, easy-to-make recipes * An introduction by Dr. Sandra Barbour of the Kaiser Permanente Foundation * Advice on finding low-sodium prepared foods, eating in restaurants, etc. * Accurate sodium content of every ingredient and of the total servings * A twenty-eight-day low-sodium menu planner by Dr. Jeannie Gazzaniga, Ph.D., R.D. This book is for informational purposes only. Readers are advised to consult a physician before making any major change in diet.

Duscusses the origin, discovery, special characteristics, and uses of the sixth most abundant element in the Earth's crust, sodium, and the other grop one metals.

Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate The Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) are quantitative estimates of nutrient intakes to be used for planning and assessing diets for healthy people. This new report, the sixth in a series of reports presenting dietary reference values for the intakes of nutrients by Americans and Canadians, establishes nutrient recommendations on water, potassium, and salt for health maintenance and the reduction of chronic disease risk. Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate discusses in detail the role of water, potassium, salt, chloride, and sulfate in human physiology and health. The major findings in this book include the establishment of Adequate Intakes for total water (drinking water, beverages, and food), potassium, sodium, and chloride and the establishment of Tolerable Upper Intake levels for sodium and chloride. The book makes research recommendations for information needed to advance the understanding of human requirements for water and electrolytes, as well as adverse effects associated with the intake of excessive amounts of water, sodium, chloride, potassium, and sulfate. This book will be an invaluable reference for nutritionists, nutrition researchers, and food manufacturers.

Sodium is concerned with the physiology, pathophysiology, and clinical consequences of altered physiology involving the sodium ion.The first section focuses on the presence and handling of sodium in the normal state. In chapter one, Drs. Solomon and Galey deal with the fundamentals of transport and energy metabolism as they relate to sodium. This is followed by a chapter in which Drs. Gardenswartz and Schrier consider in detail the normal body economy of sodium, and especially the factors (particularly extracellular fluid volume) that regulate the renal handling of sodium and the responses of the various portions of the nephron to these influences.

Sodium Sulfate: Handbook of Deposits, Processing, Properties, and Use will be the authoritative and up-to-date distillation of all that is known about naturally occurring sodium sulfate, detailed information on formation, worldwide deposits, processing technologies, and usage over time. Garrett provides a comprehensive overview of sodium sulfate from deposit formation, through processing technologies and usage.Garrett's reference addresses the need for a comprehensive handbook on this industrial mineral. Dr. Garrett's unique chemical engineering background and flair for history have allowed him to integrate information about the major borate deposits in the world with a discussion of their sociopolitical impact throughout the ages. The scope and detail of the book are unequaled in the literature.First comprehensive reference on naturally occuring sodium sulfates, their chemistry, deposits, and applicationsAuthor is a recognised authority and author on the chemical engineering aspects of saline minerals, borates, soda ash, and potash