The terms 'liquid crystal' or 'liquid crystal display' (LCD) are recognized in the context of flat-screen televisions, but the properties and history of liquid crystals are little known. This book tells the story of liquid crystals, from their controversial discovery at the end of the nineteenth century, to their eventual acceptance as another state of matter to rank alongside gases, liquids, and solids. As their story unfolds, the scientists involved and their works are put into illuminating broader socio-political contexts. In recent years, liquid crystals have had a major impact on the display industry, culminating in the now widely available flat-screen televisions. This development is described in detail over three chapters, and the basic science behind it is explained in simple terms accessible to a general reader. New applications of liquid crystals in materials, biosystems, medicine, and technology are also explained. The authors' approach to the subject defines a new genre of popular science books. The historical background to the scientific discoveries is given in detail, and the personal communications between the scientists involved are explored. The book tells the story of liquid crystals, but it also shows that scientific discovery and exploitation relies on human interactions, and the social and political environments in which they operate.

Many of us have been fascinated as children by soap bubbles and soap films. Their shapes and colours are beautiful and they are great fun to pay with. With no les intensity, scientists and mathematicians have been interested in the properties of bubbles and films throughout scientific history. In this book David Lovett describes the properties of soap films and soap bubbles. He then uses their properties to illustrate and elucidate a wide range of physical principles and scientific phenomena in a way that unifies different concepts. The book will appeal not only to students and teachers at school and university but also to readers with a general scientific interest and to researchers studying soap films. For the most part simple school mathematics is used. Sections containing more advanced mathematics have been placed in boxes or appendices and can be omitted by readers without the appropriate mathematical background. The text is supported with * Over 100 diagrams and photgraphs. * Details of practical experiments that can be performed using simple household materials. * Computer programs that draw some of the more complicated figures or animate sequences of soap film configurations. * A bibliography for readers wishing to delve further into the subject. David Lovett is a lecturer in physics at the University of Essex. His research interests include Langmiur-Blodgett thin films and the use of models as teaching aids in physics. He has been interested in soap films since 1978 and has made a number of original contributions to the subject, particularly in the use of models which change their dimensions and their analogy with phase transitions. He has published three other books including ITensor Properties of Crystals (Institute of Physics Publishing 1989). John Tilley is also a lecturer in physics at the University of Essex with research interests in theoretical solid-state physics and soap films. He is coauthor of Superfluidity and Superc

With these 100 proven projects, students will have a really winning science fair experience--and hone their analytical skills, too. Best of all, the author makes even the most complicated subjects--such as DNA research--marvelously clear. The wide range of topics offers something for everyone: the many faces of acids and bases, the science of life (cells, enzymes, algae), perfect plant projects, the nature of hot and cold, chemical conundrums, and lots more. Students can construct a solar oven in a pizza box, figure out how many phone books can balance on a couple of eggshells, concoct a "snail salad,” and other blue-ribbon ideas.

### Discover the Joy of Soap Making with Your Kids! Are you looking for a fun and educational activity to engage your children? Dive into the world of "Soap Making with Kids," your ultimate guide to crafting delightful, kid-safe soaps that spark creativity and learning. This easy-to-follow eBook combines hands-on projects with essential safety tips to ensure a fantastic family-friendly experience. ### What's Inside? **Chapter 1 Introduction to Soap Making with Kids** - Explore the myriad benefits of soap making, from developing fine motor skills to unleashing artistic expression. Learn essential safety tips and discover the materials you'll need to get started. **Chapter 2 Understanding Soap Bases** - Navigate through different types of soap bases and find the perfect, kid-friendly options. Get ready to prepare your soap base with ease. **Chapter 3 Simple Melt and Pour Techniques** - Master the basic melt and pour method with your little ones. Add exciting colors and scents, and create fun shapes and molds. **Chapter 4 Natural Additives for Soap** - Incorporate safe fragrances, botanicals, and gentle exfoliants to make each soap unique and special. **Chapter 5 Soap Crafting Ideas for Holidays** - Celebrate Christmas, Halloween, Valentine's Day, and more with festive soap ideas that add a personal touch to every holiday. **Chapter 6 Educational Soap Projects** - Combine learning and crafting with projects inspired by science, history, culture, and nature. **Chapter 7 Soap Art and Creativity** - Experiment with swirling techniques, layering colors, and using stamps and embeds to create soap masterpieces. **Chapter 8 Soap Gifts and Packaging** - Design custom labels and explore creative wrapping ideas to make your homemade soaps perfect for gifting. **Chapter 9 Soap and Sensory Play** - Engage your kids in textured and scented sensory activities, soapy science experiments, and interactive games. **Chapter 10 Group Soap Making Projects** - Host soap-making events in classrooms, parties, or community settings to foster teamwork and fun. **Chapter 11 Troubleshooting Common Issues** - Overcome common soap-making challenges with practical solutions for fixing air bubbles, adjusting colors and scents, and revamping failed soaps. **Chapter 12 Advanced Techniques for Older Kids** - Introduce older children to more complex techniques like layered and embedded soaps, natural dyes, and soap sculptures. **Chapter 13 Incorporating Story Time** - Blend storytelling with crafting by matching soaps with story themes and creating interactive, story-based soap crafts. **Chapter 14 Seasonal and Weather-Themed Soaps** - Draw inspiration from the seasons and weather to create beautiful, themed soaps throughout the year. **Chapter 15 Encouraging Eco-Friendly Practices** - Teach your kids about sustainability by choosing eco-friendly ingredients, reusing soap scraps, and raising environmental awareness. Embark on an imaginative, educational journey with "Soap Making with Kids." Perfect for rainy afternoons, family bonding time, or as a unique gift idea, this eBook is your gateway to creative, safe, and joyful soap-making adventures. Get your copy today and start crafting memories that will last a lifetime!

Dive into the enchanting and mindful craft of soap making with "The Art of Soap Making," your comprehensive guide to creating beautiful, nourishing, and personalized soaps right at home. This eBook is a treasure trove of information for both beginners and seasoned soap crafters, blending the rich tradition of soap making with innovative, eco-friendly practices that cater to the modern conscious maker. Find your skin's perfect match as you begin by discovering your skin type and understanding how different ingredients can work in harmony with your individual needs. Unravel the fundamental principles that are the backbone of this timeless craft, from the intriguing science behind soap making to the essential tools and safety measures that will set you on the path to creating stunning soaps with confidence. Embark on a journey to source high-quality natural ingredients and learn the secrets to finding reliable suppliers. Embrace the transformative power of organic components and unlock the benefits they bring not only to your soap but also to your skin and the environment. Develop the art of crafting bespoke soaps with chapters dedicated to the inclusion of luxurious essential oils, herbal infusions, and exotic butters. Each page is designed to deepen your understanding of how to balance and enhance your creations for every skin type, with a special focus on sensitive skin. Explore the world of soap making through various methods, including cold and hot processes, and perfect your technique with detailed guidance, troubleshooting, and tips for achieving the ideal cure and storage conditions. Beyond the craft, "The Art of Soap Making" guides you through the therapeutic and psychological rewards of soap crafting, offering insights into creating a sustainable practice, scaling up your hobby into a professional endeavor, and even transforming your handcrafted soaps into meaningful gifts or saleable products. Join a community of passionate crafters as you continually educate yourself with rich resources and stay abreast of emerging industry trends and innovations. Whether you're whipping up a batch for a special occasion or pioneering the future of soap making, this eBook will inspire you to express your creativity, uphold sustainability, and craft soaps that tell a story. Immerse yourself in "The Art of Soap Making" and embrace the symbolic cleansing and rejuvenation that comes with each bar you create. Crafting your personalized soaps is just a page-turn away.