This book, CONCEPTS OF SOCIAL SCIENTISTS AND GREAT THINKERS, encompasses nine titles of different subjects and their issues, namely: PSYCHOLOGY, CONCEPTS OF BEHAVIOUR, PSYCHOLOGY OF CHILD CULTURE, PSYCHOTHERAPY, CONCEPTS OF TREATMENT, FREUDIAN ANALYSIS, JUNGIAN SYNTHESIS, SOCIOLOGY, CONCEPTS OF GROUP BEHAVIOUR, PHILOLOGY, CONCEPTS OF EUROPEAN LITERATURE, SOCIAL SCIENCES, CONCEPTS OF BRANCHES AND RELATIONSHIPS, PHILOSOPHY FOR HUMAN BEHAVIOUR. As such, the author attempts to bring together the concepts and thoughts of social scientists and the values of philosophical endea

This tome consists of three books which deal with Social Sciences, Philology and their various branches pertaining to the study of human society and social relationships. The disciplines encompassed are: anthropology, demography, economics, geography, political science, psychology, sociology, philology, epistemology, and philosophy. In the case of philology, the book includes the literary contributions of the main European countries from the ancient times through to the current geographical and political divisions. The countries included in the write-up are: Portugal, Spain, France, Britain, Germany, Italy, and Greece. Also included in this write-up are the subjects of history, education, and law, as these disciplines are regarded by many as social sciences.

Michel Foucault observed that âeoethe birth of philology attracted far less notice in the Western mind than did the birth of biology or political economy.âe In this penetrating exploration of the origin of the discipline, Maurice Olender shows that philology left an indelible mark on Western visions of history and contributed directly to some of the most horrifying ideologies of the twentieth century. The comparative study of languages was inspired by Renaissance debates over what language was spoken in the Garden of Eden. By the eighteenth century scholars were persuaded that European languages shared a common ancestor. With the adoption of positivist, âeoescientificâe methods in the nineteenth century, the hunt for the language of Eden and the search for a European Ursprache diverged. Yet the desire to reconcile historical causality with divine purpose remained. Because the Indo-European languages clearly had a separate line of descent from the biblical tongues, the practitioners of the new science of philology (many of whom had received their linguistic training from the Church) turned their scholarship to the task of justifying the ascendance of European Christianity to the principal role in Providential history. To accomplish this they invented a pair of conceptsâe"Aryan and Semiticâe"that by the end of the century had embarked on ideological and political careers far outside philology. Supposed characteristics of the respective languages were assigned to the peoples who spoke them: thus the Semitic peoples (primarily the Jews) were, like their language, passive, static, and immobile, while the Aryans (principally Western Europeans) became the active, dynamic Chosen People of the future. Olender traces the development of these concepts through the work of J. G. Herder, Ernest Renan, Friedrich Max Müller, Adolphe Pictet, Rudolph Grau, and Ignaz Goldziher. He shows that, despite their different approaches, each of these men struggled more or less purposefully âeoeto join romanticism with positivism in an effort to preserve a common allegiance to the doctrines of Providence.âe With erudition and elegance, Olender restores the complexity and internal contradictions of their ideas and recreates the intellectual climate in which they flourished.

Sociology as a social science refers to the systematic study of the development, structure, and functioning of society. In the last two centuries sociologists analysed many facets of their own societies, in the more general context of observing the causes and consequences of the transition from traditional pre-industrial life to modern societies. The fundamental postulate of sociology is that human beings act not by their own free decisions taken rationally, but under the influence of history and culture, and the expectations and demands of others: human beings are both the products and the makers of their societies. During the 20th century, sociologists have been particularly interested in the influence of role, status, class, and power on experience and behaviour, in the family and in the community; in the factors which contribute to cohesion and conflict; in social structure and social stratification; and in social problems such as crime, drug addiction, and domestic violence.

PSYCHOTHERAPY, CONCEPTS OF TREATMENT The simplistic explanation of psychotherapy is that it deals with the treatment of disorders of emotion or personality by psychological methods. There are arguments about the effectiveness of psychotherapies, but it is generally agreed that success depends on a secure, confiding relationship between the therapist and patient and on a shared confidence in the capacity of the therapist and his or her theory to explain and eliminate the problem. In recent times psychotherapy gained recognition as a theory of and therapy for the mental disorders known as neuroses, and a general theory of personality and emotional development constructed by the many schools of behavioural sciences. Although the theories which psychotherapists follow are arguably the most inclusive in psychology, they still have fundamental conceptual weaknesses. Never-the-less, it is consider effective alongside the other forms of therapy, i.e. behavioural therapy, and treatments offered by psychiatry.

Interactive systems respond to instructions from users fast enough to allow transactions to be completed almost immediately. While the precise structure of the future interactive systems is not yet clear, many directions of growth seem apparent. The current designs and organisation of databases obviate the need to duplicate information in order to meet the various requirements of different groups of users, thus ensuring that the data always remain consistent. Additionally, the use of relational databases enable the Internet users a number of essential services; including data transfer, electronic mail and the ability to access information in remote databases. Integrated systems, therefore, are connected services making it possible for users to communicate with each other anywhere on the network. The safe running of systems needs to keep information protected from harm, theft, vandalism, fraud and invasion of privacy, which means continuous security development of software and hardware devices.

THEOLOGY RELATIONSHIP OF RELIGIONS AND PHILOSOPHY Theological functions and interests imply that theology can master the disciplines with which it is confronted. Theology is based on authority (revelation) as documented in scriptures of various religions, philosophical, philological, historical studies and hermeneutical (critical interpretive) questions. Theological tasks broaden into a concern with the history and traditions of religions. With such approaches difficult and controversial questions arise; whether and to what extent the scriptural standards of the sources of revelation are modified by traditions. These problems play an important part in the relationship of people, cultures and their political philosophies. Thus, the question of truth posed by theology requires the constitution of a discipline that specifically concerns itself with fundamental questions, as is in systematic theology.