This revised edition has been updated to meet the minimum requirements of the new Singapore GCE A level syllabus that would be implemented in the year 2016. Nevertheless, this book is also highly relevant to students who are studying chemistry for other examination boards. In addition, the authors have also included more Q&A to help students better understand and appreciate the chemical concepts that they are mastering.

An advanced-level textbook of inorganic chemistry for the graduate (B.Sc) and postgraduate (M.Sc) students of Indian and foreign universities. This book is a part of four volume series, entitled "A Textbook of Inorganic Chemistry – Volume I, II, III, IV". CONTENTS: Chapter 1. Stereochemistry and Bonding in Main Group Compounds: VSEPR theory; dπ -pπ bonds; Bent rule and energetic of hybridization. Chapter 2. Metal-Ligand Equilibria in Solution: Stepwise and overall formation constants and their interactions; Trends in stepwise constants; Factors affecting stability of metal complexes with reference to the nature of metal ion and ligand; Chelate effect and its thermodynamic origin; Determination of binary formation constants by pH-metry and spectrophotometry. Chapter 3. Reaction Mechanism of Transition Metal Complexes – I: Inert and labile complexes; Mechanisms for ligand replacement reactions; Formation of complexes from aquo ions; Ligand displacement reactions in octahedral complexes- acid hydrolysis, base hydrolysis; Racemization of tris chelate complexes; Electrophilic attack on ligands. Chapter 4. Reaction Mechanism of Transition Metal Complexes – II: Mechanism of ligand displacement reactions in square planar complexes; The trans effect; Theories of trans effect; Mechanism of electron transfer reactions – types; outer sphere electron transfer mechanism and inner sphere electron transfer mechanism; Electron exchange. Chapter 5. Isopoly and Heteropoly Acids and Salts: Isopoly and Heteropoly acids and salts of Mo and W: structures of isopoly and heteropoly anions. Chapter 6. Crystal Structures: Structures of some binary and ternary compounds such as fluorite, antifluorite, rutile, antirutile, crystobalite, layer lattices- CdI2, BiI3; ReO3, Mn2O3, corundum, pervoskite, Ilmenite and Calcite. Chapter 7. Metal-Ligand Bonding: Limitation of crystal field theory; Molecular orbital theory: octahedral, tetrahedral or square planar complexes; π-bonding and molecular orbital theory. Chapter 8. Electronic Spectra of Transition Metal Complexes: Spectroscopic ground states, Correlation and spin-orbit coupling in free ions for Ist series of transition metals; Orgel and Tanabe-Sugano diagrams for transition metal complexes (d1 – d9 states); Calculation of Dq, B and β parameters; Effect of distortion on the d-orbital energy levels; Structural evidence from electronic spectrum; John-Tellar effect; Spectrochemical and nephalauxetic series; Charge transfer spectra; Electronic spectra of molecular addition compounds. Chapter 9. Magantic Properties of Transition Metal Complexes: Elementary theory of magneto - chemistry; Guoy’s method for determination of magnetic susceptibility; Calculation of magnetic moments; Magnetic properties of free ions; Orbital contribution, effect of ligand-field; Application of magneto-chemistry in structure determination; Magnetic exchange coupling and spin state cross over. Chapter 10. Metal Clusters: Structure and bonding in higher boranes; Wade’s rules; Carboranes; Metal carbonyl clusters - low nuclearity carbonyl clusters; Total electron count (TEC). Chapter 11. Metal-π Complexes: Metal carbonyls: structure and bonding; Vibrational spectra of metal carbonyls for bonding and structure elucidation; Important reactions of metal carbonyls; Preparation, bonding, structure and important reactions of transition metal nitrosyl, dinitrogen and dioxygen complexes; Tertiary phosphine as ligand.

This clearly written, class-tested manual has long given students hands-on experience covering all the essential topics in general chemistry. Stand alone experiments provide all the background introduction necessary to work with any general chemistry text. This revised edition offers new experiments and expanded information on applications to real world situations.

1. IONIC SOLIDS 1-15 Types of Solids 1; Space Lattice, Lattice Point and Unit Cell of a Crystal 1; Ionic Crystal Structures 2; Structure of Sodium Chloride (Nacl) 3, Structure of Cesium Chloride (CsCl) 3; Limitations of Radius Ratio Rule 6; Lattice Energy 6; Factors Affecting Lattice Energy 7; Born- Haber Cycle 7; Solvation Energy 10; Definition of Solvation Energy 11; Factors Affecting Solvation and Solvation Energy 11; Polarization, Polarizing Power and Polarizability 12; Fajan's Rules 12. 2. METALLIC BONDING 16-23 Metallic Bonding 16; Factors Favoring the Formation of Metallic Bond 16; Electron Sea Theory 16; Metallic Properties 17; Thermal Conductivity 17; Electrical Conductivity 17; Malleability and Ductility 18; Metallic Luster 18; Valence Bond Theory 19; Band Theory : Molecular Orbital Approach 19; Band Structures of Conductors, Insulators and Semi-conductors 20. 3. HYDROGEN BONDING 24-27 Hydrogen Bonding 24; Types of Hydrogen Bond 25; Consequences of Hydrogen Bonding 26. 4. CHEMISTRY OF ELEMENTS OF FIRST TRANSITION SERIES 28-43 Properties of First Transition Series Elements 29; Atomic and Ionic Radii 30; Ionization Potential 31; Oxidation State 33; Magnetic Property 37; Complex Formation Tendency 40; Catalytic Property 40. 5. CHEMISTRY OF ELEMENTS OF SECOND AND THIRD TRANSITION SERIES 44-54 Electronic Configuration of Second Transition Series 44; Electronic Configuration of Third Transition Series 45. 6. ERRORS IN CHEMICAL ANALYSIS 55-69 Errors 55; Mean and Median 57; Accuracy and Precision 58; Methods of Expressing Accuracy 58; Methods of Expressing Precision 59; Uncertainty 63; Significant Figures 63; Calculations Involving Significant Figures 64; Rejection of Data 65; Q-Test 65; 2.5d and 4d Rule 67. 7. THEORY OF VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS 70-85 Necessary Conditions for Volumetric or Titrimetric Reactions 70; Primary and Secondary Solutions 70; Expressions of Concentration of Solutions 71; Acid-Base Titrations (Acidimetry or Alkalimetry) 72; Theories of Acid-Base Indicator 73; Choice of Suitable Indicators for Different Acid-Base Titrations 76; Redox Titrations 78; Theory of Complexometric Titrations 81; Theory of Metallochrome Indicator 83. 8. NON- AQUEOUS SOLVENTS 86-102 Introduction 86; Physical Properties of a Solvent 88; General Characteristics of Solvents 90; Liquid Ammonia as a Non-Aqueous Solvent 90; Reactions Occurring in Liquid Ammonia 91; Liquid Sulphur Dioxide as Solvent 95. 9. FERTILIZERS 103-113 Functions of Fertilizers 103; Classification of Fertilizers 104; Chemical Fertilizers 104; Organic Manures 109; Bulky Organic Manures 110; Concentrated Organic Manure 111. 10. PORTLAND CEMENT 114-128 Raw Materials of Portland Cement 114; Chemical Composition of Portland Cement 115; Methods of Manufacturing of Portland Cement 115; Wet Process 115; Dry Process 116; Types of Portland Cement 116; Chemical Reaction in Rotary Kiln or Thermochemical Changes during Cement Formation 117; Setting of Cement 119; Time of Setting 120; Properties of Cement 120; Additives for Cement 121; Characteristics of Constitutional Compounds in Portland Cement 122; Mortars 124. • PAPERS 129-132

This book is for the postgraduate students of chemistry aspiring to crack competitive examinations such as CSIR-NET, GATE, SLET/SET and PhD entrance examinations. Presently, admission to PhD programs in premier institutions like IITs, NITs, CSIR laboratories, central universities and state universities is based on either NET/GATE certificate or PhD entrance examinations. Further, the minimum eligibility criteria laid by UGC for the direct recruitment of Assistant Professors in the higher educational institutions is a postgraduate degree with NET/SLET/SET certificate. Thus, the students are bound to pass these examinations to pursue a bright career either in research or in academic teaching. The cut off for qualifying these exams is 40 to 50%. However, the qualifying percentage of the candidates appearing for these examinations is around 5% only. Therefore, an attempt has been made by authors to develop study material pertaining to the syllabus of these exams along with the solved problems from the previous year question papers which will guide the students to qualify easily.

I am pleased to introduce the English edition of Inorganic Chemisty for B.S.c. Part-I students. Since long I had been asked to do so, people even used to say me that I treat the English medium students as my step children, thats why I am not thinking about them. But due to one or the other thought in my mind, the conditions and circumstances surrounding me did not allow me to do this. But this time with the grace of God and blessings of “Maa Saraswati” I could do so and attempted to give this first English edition. I hope teachers and students will appreciate my effort and give me full support and suggestions to improve it. Salient Features of the Book : • The book is strictly according to the syllabus. • The fundamental points have been made clear for the students. • Diagrams are very clear & labelled and in addition to the casual diagrams few imaginary diagrams also have been given to make the subject clear. • So many solved and unsolved numerical problems with answer have been given especially those numericals are given which have appeared in the examination papers of various universities. • In the end of every chapter important points to be remembered are given which will help the students to revise the chapter at a glance. • The quality of paper, printing and binding of the book is excellent • Above all the language of the book is very simple so that even an average student can easily grasp it.

This textbook is designed specifically for the B.Sc. Chemistry curriculum under the National Education Policy (NEP) in Maharashtra, provides a comprehensive and solid foundation of the subject. The chapters have been meticulously selected and structured to align with the educational objectives of fostering analytical thinking, enhancing problem-solving skills, and cultivating a deep understanding of fundamental chemistry. More than just a collection of theoretical concepts, this textbook encourages students to apply these principles. Through a wealth of examples and problems, the students are guided to develop a practical and profound understanding of chemistry, preparing them for future academic and professional pursuits. Whether you are a student aiming to excel in your studies or an educator seeking a reliable resource, this textbook is an indispensable tool on the journey to mastering the fascinating world of chemistry.