This chapter covers the field of semiconductor photonic integrated circuits (PIC) used in access, metro, long-haul, and undersea telecommunication networks. Although there are many variants to implementing optical integration; the focus is on monolithic integration where multiple semiconductor devices, up to many hundreds in some cases, are integrated onto the same substrate. Monolithic integration poses the greatest technical challenge and the biggest opportunity for bandwidth and size scaling. The PICs discussed here are based on the two most popular semiconductor material systems: Groups III–V indium phosphide-based devices and Group IV silicon-based devices. The chapter also covers the historical evolution of the technology from the decades old original proposal to the current day terabit/s class, coherent PICs.

This book discusses some research results for CMOS-compatible silicon-based optical devices and interconnections. With accurate simulation and experimental demonstration, it provides insights on silicon-based modulation, advanced multiplexing, polarization and efficient coupling controlling technologies, which are widely used in silicon photonics. Researchers, scientists, engineers and especially students in the field of silicon photonics can benefit from the book. This book provides valuable knowledge, useful methods and practical design that can be considered in emerging silicon-based optical interconnections and communications. And it also give some guidance to student how to organize and complete an good dissertation.

"The ever increasing internet traffic driven by the constant spread of cloud services offered by data centers and the increasing demand for higher bandwidth driven by web-based media applications and services have increased the need for faster and inexpensive short reach optic solutions. With the commercialization and deployment of 100 Gb/s technologies, and the development of 400 Gb/s systems, there is a clear need for inexpensive and power efficient building blocks. Currently 100 Gb/s transmission of Ethernet frames over single mode fiber (SMF) is realized using a four color wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) setting in a 4 × 25 Gb/s format. However, it is widely agreed that the 400 Gb/s systems will be realized using 4 × 100 Gb/s configuration, which necessitates the need for a single wavelength operation at 100 Gb/s. To achieve higher data rate transmission, advance optical modulation formats together with polarization and wavelength division multiplexing are required. Pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) enables higher spectral efficiency by using multi-level amplitudes. Using PAM-4 modulation format doubles the spectral efficiency of the optical link. Recently PAM generation has been demonstrated using Silicon Photonics (SiP) intensity modulators. In this thesis, we present a 4.2 mm long, 35 GHz bandwidth single drive series push pull silicon travelling wave Mach-Zehnder modulator (TW-MZM) based on lateral PN junction operating near 1550 nm wavelength. A bit-rate of 112 Gb/s is achieved using PAM-4 modulation scheme at 56 Gbaud after 2 km of single mode fiber (SMF) below the hard decision pre forward error correction (Pre-FEC) threshold of 3.8 × 10-3 to provide a final bit error rate under 10-15. To the best of our knowledge this modulator surpasses the highest bandwidth reported for a SiP modulator by 5 GHz. " --

This book focuses on recent research and developments on optical communications. The chapters present different aspects of optical communication systems, comprising high capacity transmission over long distances, coherent and intensity modulated technologies, orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing, ultrafast switching techniques, and photonic integrated devices. Digital signal processing and error correction techniques are also addressed. The content is of interest to graduate students and researchers in optical communications.

SOH (silicon-organic hybrid) elektrooptische Modulatoren kombinieren Siliziumphotonik mit organischen elektro-optischen Materialien. Dieses Buch befasst sich mit Aspekten, die speziell für den Einsatz von SOH-Modulatoren in praktischen optischen Hochgeschwindigkeitskommunikationssystemen relevant sind, wie z. B. Aufbau- und Verbindungstechnik, Modellierung und die Implementierung effizienter Modulationsformate für IM/DD-Formate. - Silicon-organic hybrid (SOH) electro-optic modulators combining silicon photonic structures with organic EO materials are investigated. This book addresses aspects that are specifically relevant for the use of SOH modulators in practical high-speed optical communication systems such as packaging, modelling of the device, and the implementation of efficient intensity-modulation/direct-detection (IM/DD) modulation formats.

Among the various elements of the silicon photonics platform, electro-optic IQ modulators play an important role. In this book, silicon-organic hybrid (SOH) integration is used to realize electro-optic IQ modulators for complex signal processing. Leveraging the high nonlinearity of organic materials, SOH IQ modulators provide low energy consumption for high-speed data transmission and frequency shifting. Furthermore, the device design is adapted for commercial foundry processes.

"This book discusses the principles and the latest progress of silicon optical modulators as cutting-edge integrated photonic devices on silicon-photonic platforms, which play key roles in modern optical communications with low power consumption, small footprints, and low manufacturing costs. Silicon Mach-Zehnder optical modulators are emphasized as the principal small-footprint optical modulator because of its superior performance in high-speed optical modulation at operational temperatures beyond 100 degrees Celsius without power-consuming thermo-electric cooling in spectral bands over 100 nm"--

Advanced optical modulation and multiplexing techniques have become a key ingredient to the design of modern WDM optically routed networks. This book, reviews the generation and detection of multigigabit/second intensity- and phase modulated formats and highlights their resilience to key impairments found in optical networking, such as optical amplifier noise, chromatic dispersion, WDM crosstalk and fiber nonlinearity. A novel multiplexing technique, namely Absolute Polar Duty Cycle Division Multiplexing (AP-DCDM) which is based on the polar signaling and different return to zero (RZ) duty cycles is reported for high speed optical fiber communication systems. Unlike all the other techniques, in AP-DCDM different users share the communication medium to transmit in the same time period and at the same carrier wavelength, but with different duty cycles. The unique duty cycle for each channel helps to regenerate data at the receiver

Optical Fiber Telecommunications VI (A&B) is the sixth in a series that has chronicled the progress in the R&D of lightwave communications since the early 1970s. Written by active authorities from academia and industry, this edition brings a fresh look to many essential topics, including devices, subsystems, systems and networks. A central theme is the enabling of high-bandwidth communications in a cost-effective manner for the development of customer applications. These volumes are an ideal reference for R&D engineers and managers, optical systems implementers, university researchers and students, network operators, and investors. Volume A is devoted to components and subsystems, including photonic integrated circuits, multicore and few-mode fibers, photonic crystals, silicon photonics, signal processing, and optical interconnections. Volume B is devoted to systems and networks, including advanced modulation formats, coherent detection, Tb/s channels, space-division multiplexing, reconfigurable networks, broadband access, undersea cable, satellite communications, and microwave photonics. - All the latest technologies and techniques for developing future components and systems - Edited by two winners of the highly prestigious OSA/IEEE John Tyndal award and a President of IEEE's Lasers & Electro-Optics Society (7,000 members) - Written by leading experts in the field, it is the most authoritative and comprehensive reference on optical engineering on the market

"With dramatically increasing internet bandwidth, electrons as information carriers are being continually replaced with photons. This exchange has been fully completed in the long-haul high-speed backbone network, now occurs in short-reach data centers and radio frequency communications, and eventually will reach the chip level. Various emerging optical technologies have been developed during this time; with performance and cost being the two major factors to be considered for these technologies. In this work, we propose and design several novel optical fiber devices to enhance the performance or lower the associated cost of emerging technologies in the areas of microcavities and dual-mode fibers. Self-rolled-up semiconductor microtubes have been very promising in integrated optical circuits due to their unique fabrication method and their smooth surfaces. In spite of extensive study on various materials and applications, the properties of these microtubes at telecom wavelengths have not been explored. We propose and demonstrate a fiber-based solution to obtain precise single device transfer, the highest Q-factor (1.5×105) measurement, selective polarization excitation, optical-optical modulation, and the thermal dynamic effect of these microtubes. The microtubes exhibit ideal optical performance at telecom wavelengths and are a good microcavity candidate for integration with silicon photonics.Compared to semiconductor microcavities, optical fiber microcavities have the advantages of a single device fabrication process, ultra smooth surface, and easy characterization with fiber optics. The microcavities have been reported in the shapes of spheres, bottles, and bubbles. Here we propose and demonstrate a novel optical fiber microdisk with a small free spectral range and a small mode cross section. The Q-factor of the microdisk is 7.8×106 and it is demonstrated as a narrow reflection mirror in a fiber ring laser. This microdisk would be of great interest for optical nonlinear applications. We propose three optical fiber devices for dual-mode fiber emerging technologies. First, we design an in-line Mach-Zehnder interferometer by offset splicing a length of dual-mode fiber with two regular single-mode fibers. This interferometer has been successfully applied for picoseconds flat-top pulse generation. Secondly, we propose and demonstrate a mode multiplexer consisting of a LP11 mode spatial rotator and a LP01/LP11 mode coupler. This mode multiplexer can be used in both short-reach data centers and long-haul mode division multiplexing. Thirdly, we propose a fiber coupler enabling conversion of a phase modulation to a mode modulation, which could lead to low cost ultra-wide band signal generation, novel advanced modulation formats, and optical switching." --