Reprint of the original, first published in 1871.

Examining the history of phrenology and physiognomy, Beauty and the Brain proposes a bold new way of understanding the connection between science, politics, and popular culture in early America. Between the 1770s and the 1860s, people all across the globe relied on physiognomy and phrenology to evaluate human worth. These once-popular but now discredited disciplines were based on a deceptively simple premise: that facial features or skull shape could reveal a person’s intelligence, character, and personality. In the United States, these were culturally ubiquitous sciences that both elite thinkers and ordinary people used to understand human nature. While the modern world dismisses phrenology and physiognomy as silly and debunked disciplines, Beauty and the Brain shows why they must be taken seriously: they were the intellectual tools that a diverse group of Americans used to debate questions of race, gender, and social justice. While prominent intellectuals and political thinkers invoked these sciences to justify hierarchy, marginalized people and progressive activists deployed them for their own political aims, creatively interpreting human minds and bodies as they fought for racial justice and gender equality. Ultimately, though, physiognomy and phrenology were as dangerous as they were popular. In addition to validating the idea that external beauty was a sign of internal worth, these disciplines often appealed to the very people who were damaged by their prejudicial doctrines. In taking physiognomy and phrenology seriously, Beauty and the Brain recovers a vibrant—if largely forgotten—cultural and intellectual universe, showing how popular sciences shaped some of the greatest political debates of the American past.

Mary Shepherd's An Essay upon the Relation of Cause and Effect is a pioneering work in metaphysics and epistemology by one of the most important philosophers of her era. Appearing on the bicentenary of its original 1824 publication, this is the first full modern edition of the book, which presents and defends the theory of causation and scientific knowledge that constitutes the cornerstone of her entire philosophy. The edition includes an extensive introduction and scholarly notes throughout that provide historical and philosophical context while explaining the central ideas of the work. It also includes the two essays by Shepherd published in 1828 and all of her known letters-- all but one of them published here for the first time-- which shed significant additional light on her philosophical ideas.

Spinoza in English,/i is the first bibliography to document the entire 300-year record of books, monographs, dissertations and articles in English on Benedict Spinoza, as well as all translations of his works into English. Arranged alphabetically by author or editor, and internally cross-referenced in the case of anthologies and 'replies', this bibliography cites its own sources where appropriate and, in many cases, provides details on how to obtain out-of-print titles and unpublished dissertations. Additionally, it restores or corrects a good deal of earlier bibliographic detail and, beginning with titles from the mid-1800s, presents the citations in a uniform style. This second edition adds hundreds of citations, including dozens of titles hitherto overlooked, thus bringing the total to nearly 2700 on the main level (with hundreds of secondary references to later editions and reprints). It also provides an index and, occasionally, an abstract when the author's title inadequately describes the contents. As the only source of its kind, this bibliography is an indispensable reference tool for research libraries and individual scholars concerned with the life and works of Spinoza. Wayne Boucher's introduction is augmented by a preface by Professor Manfred Walther. --the most complete bibliography of works in English on Spinoza --enlarged, corrected and improved from first edition with numbered entries --uniquely comprehensive, current and authoritative --numbered entries and subject/title index for easy reference