Most central banks oblige depository institutions to hold minimum reserves against their liabilities, predominantly in the form of balances at the central bank. The role of these reserve requirements has evolved significantly over time. The overlay of changing purposes and practices has the result that it is not always fully clear what the current purpose of reserve requirements is, and this necessarily complicates thinking about how a reserve regime should be structured. This paper describes three main purposes for reserve requirements - prudential, monetary control and liquidity management - and suggests best practice for the structure of a reserves regime. Finally, the paper illustrates current practices using a 2010 IMF survey of 121 central banks.

This new edition covers many significant changes impacting the petroleum industry including important updates such as current industry practice issues from a proprietary survey conducted by the Institute of Petroleum Accounting, and practical guidance on new standards of revenue recognition, joint arrangements, consolidated financial statements, and disclosure of interests in other entities which are of critical importance to those involved or interested in the petroleum industry.New chapters covering midstream operations, master limited partnerships, and SEC considerations have been added. The updated text will also address numerous operational issues that continue to evolve with the demand for capital, inherent industry risks, and the impacts of product price fluctuation.

This paper shows how to utilize the data on trade structure to achieve the best possible estimates of the effects of price changes, given any reasonable array of elasticity estimates. The credibility of estimates of price effects depends on thorough and systematic use of these data, as well as on the statistical credentials of the elasticities assumed. The observations show that the impact of a given price change on a country's exports will be greater, the more that country's exports are concentrated in markets in which substitution elasticities are high, and vice versa, but for most countries strong correlations of this kind are not probable. The general conclusion to be drawn from the paper would seem to be that the information implicit in the base-period matrix is not enough to yield results in which a high degree of confidence can be placed. It remains essential to employ substitution elasticities that are supported by the historical record. Nevertheless, the role of trade structure is vitally important.

This update of the guidelines published in 2001 sets forth the underlying framework for the Reserves Data Template and provides operational advice for its use. The updated version also includes three new appendices aimed at assisting member countries in reporting the required data.

With this ebook, you will learn the different methods of depreciation and also learn different concepts of depreciation. Today, students and accountants are facing lots of problems relating to depreciation. This is ebook is one stop solution of all these problems.