In this volume, the authors address the development of students’ algebraic thinking in the elementary and middle school grades from curricular, cognitive, and instructional perspectives. The volume is also international in nature, thus promoting a global dialogue on the topic of early Algebraization.

The Encyclopaedia fills a gap in both the history of science and in cultural stud ies. Reference works on other cultures tend either to omit science completely or pay little attention to it, and those on the history of science almost always start with the Greeks, with perhaps a mention of the Islamic world as a trans lator of Greek scientific works. The purpose of the Encyclopaedia is to bring together knowledge of many disparate fields in one place and to legitimize the study of other cultures' science. Our aim is not to claim the superiority of other cultures, but to engage in a mutual exchange of ideas. The Western aca demic divisions of science, technology, and medicine have been united in the Encyclopaedia because in ancient cultures these disciplines were connected. This work contributes to redressing the balance in the number of reference works devoted to the study of Western science, and encourages awareness of cultural diversity. The Encyclopaedia is the first compilation of this sort, and it is testimony both to the earlier Eurocentric view of academia as well as to the widened vision of today. There is nothing that crosses disciplinary and geographic boundaries, dealing with both scientific and philosophical issues, to the extent that this work does. xi PERSONAL NOTE FROM THE EDITOR Many years ago I taught African history at a secondary school in Central Africa.

First published in 2004. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

Mathematics is considered the most dreaded subject. However it is extremely interesting and one should read about it. Had this subject not been interesting then some of the great physicist, doctors, lawyers, poets, story writers, etc., in their later life would not have turned to study it and made great discoveries in the field of mathematics. While mathematics itself may be a form idable subject for many, the lives and accomplishments of history’s greatest mathematicians are fascinating. This book is intended for people interested to know the heroic journey of those great mathematicians who have made important contribution to mathematics, through their ideaes, teaching or in other ways. The main emphasis is on their work and achievement in the field of mathematics. I hope this book will serve adual purpose: firstly help students realize mathematics is not to be dreaded but helpful in achieving in other subjects; secondly help those who hate the subject respect it. Embark on a journey through the fascinating world of mathematics and discover the lives and contributions of the 50 greatest mathematicians in history. Rajesh Thakur's illuminating book celebrates the brilliance and impact of these mathematical geniuses, offering a captivating blend of biography and mathematical insights. 50 Greatest Mathematicians of the World, Rajesh Thakur, mathematical genius, mathematicians, mathematical contributions, mathematical breakthroughs, mathematical theories, mathematical history, mathematical achievements, mathematical concepts, mathematical discoveries, mathematical geniuses, mathematical principles, mathematical innovations, mathematical pioneers, mathematical influence, mathematical legacy, mathematical revolution, mathematical brilliance

Indian Mathematics gives a unique insight into the history of mathematics within a historical global context. It builds on research into the connection between mathematics and the world-wide advancement of economics and technology. Joseph draws out parallel developments in other cultures and carefully examines the transmission of mathematical ideas across geographical and cultural borders.Accessible to those who have an interest in the global history of mathematical ideas, for the historians, philosophers and sociologists of mathematics, it is a book not to be missed.