V. 1. Principles and basic properties.

This textbook provides an accessible and pedagogical explanation of the way microscopes magnify images and covers all techniques to date in transmitted and fluorescent light microscopy. The first section covers basic optics as it relates to microscopy. The second section describes all the major optical techniques of transmitted light microscopy, starting with brightfield, through darkfield, polarized light, phase contrast, differential interference contrast, and Hoffman modulation contrast microscopy. The final third of the book covers all the techniques of fluorescence microscopy. It begins with a simple explanation of fluorescence and is followed by Widefield epifluorescence, confocal, and 2-photon microscopy. This is followed by computational imaging including restoration ('deconvolution') microscopy, and all the present super-resolution techniques. The book concludes by discussing attainable resolution using transmitted light microscopy, including a thorough discussion of the Rayleigh, Sparrow, and other criteria of resolution, ending with a short discussion of the common pitfalls that result in decreased microscope resolution. The final chapter in the book is a short history of the microscope, beginning with the ancients, then discussing three seminal natural philosophers: Leeuwenhoek, Swammerdam, and Hooke. The remaining sections of the history chapter cover mechanical and optical advancements in the history of transmitted light microscopy. Finally, it includes a short history of fluorescence microscopy starting with Köhler and Rohr's first use of fluorescence microscopy in 1905, and ending with a description of the Sarastro Phoibos 1000, the first commercial confocal microscope.

Over the last decade, advances in science and technology have profoundly changed the face of light microscopy. Research scientists need to learn new skills in order to use a modern research microscope-skills such as how to align microscope optics and perform image processing. Fundamentals of Light Microscopy and Electronic Imaging explores the basics of microscope design and use. The comprehensive material discusses the optical principles involved in diffraction and image formation in the light microscope, the basic modes of light microscopy, the components of modern electronic imaging systems, and the image processing operations necessary to acquire and prepare an image. Written in a practical, accessible style, Fundamentals of Light Microscopy and Electronic Imaging reviews such topics as: * Illuminators, filters, and isolation of specific wavelengths * Phase contrast and differential interference contrast * Properties of polarized light and polarization microscopy * Fluorescence and confocal laser scanning microscopy * Digital CCD microscopy and image processing Each chapter includes practical demonstrations and exercises along with a discussion of the relevant material. In addition, a thorough glossary assists with complex terminology and an appendix contains lists of materials, procedures for specimen preparation, and answers to questions. An essential resource for both, experienced and novice microscopists.

The book describes in a simple and readable format the way microscopes magnify images, and all of the techniques that are available today. It covers all the existing epifluorescence techniques including super-resolution and provides historical context on inventions pertaining to the development of the light microscope.

Introduces readers to the enlightening world of the modern light microscope There have been rapid advances in science and technology over the last decade, and the light microscope, together with the information that it gives about the image, has changed too. Yet the fundamental principles of setting up and using a microscope rests upon unchanging physical principles that have been understood for years. This informative, practical, full-colour guide fills the gap between specialised edited texts on detailed research topics, and introductory books, which concentrate on an optical approach to the light microscope. It also provides comprehensive coverage of confocal microscopy, which has revolutionised light microscopy over the last few decades. Written to help the reader understand, set up, and use the often very expensive and complex modern research light microscope properly, Understanding Light Microscopy keeps mathematical formulae to a minimum—containing and explaining them within boxes in the text. Chapters provide in-depth coverage of basic microscope optics and design; ergonomics; illumination; diffraction and image formation; reflected-light, polarised-light, and fluorescence microscopy; deconvolution; TIRF microscopy; FRAP & FRET; super-resolution techniques; biological and materials specimen preparation; and more. Gives a didactic introduction to the light microscope Encourages readers to use advanced fluorescence and confocal microscopes within a research institute or core microscopy facility Features full-colour illustrations and workable practical protocols Understanding Light Microscopy is intended for any scientist who wishes to understand and use a modern light microscope. It is also ideal as supporting material for a formal taught course, or for individual students to learn the key aspects of light microscopy through their own study.

Biomedical optics holds tremendous promise to deliver effective, safe, non- or minimally invasive diagnostics and targeted, customizable therapeutics. Handbook of Biomedical Optics provides an in-depth treatment of the field, including coverage of applications for biomedical research, diagnosis, and therapy. It introduces the theory and fundamental

This guide provides extensive coverage of microscopic imaging principles. After reviewing the main principles of image formation, diffraction, interference, and polarization used in microscopy, this guide describes the most widely applied microscope configurations and applications. It also covers major system components, including light sources, illumination layouts, microscope optics, and image detection electronics. This guide also provides a comprehensive overview of microscopy techniques, including bright field and dark field imaging, contrast enhancement methods (such as phase and amplitude contrast), DIC, polarization, and fluorescence microscopy. In addition, it describes scanning techniques (such as confocal and multiphoton imaging points); new trends in super-resolution methods (such as 4Pi microscopy, STED, STORM, and structured illumination); and array microscopy, CARS, and SPIM.

This book deals with the latest achievements in the field of optical coherent microscopy. While many other books exist on microscopy and imaging, this book provides a unique resource dedicated solely to this subject. Similarly, many books describe applications of holography, interferometry and speckle to metrology but do not focus on their use for microscopy. The coherent light microscopy reference provided here does not focus on the experimental mechanics of such techniques but instead is meant to provide a users manual to illustrate the strengths and capabilities of developing techniques. The areas of application of this technique are in biomedicine, medicine, life sciences, nanotechnology and materials sciences.

Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop, Cap d'Agde, France, September 9-14, 1990

V. 1. Principles and basic properties.