Growing urban populations prompted major changes in graveyard location, design, and use During the Industrial Revolution people flocked to American cities. Overcrowding in these areas led to packed urban graveyards that were not only unsightly, but were also a source of public health fears. The solution was a revolutionary new type of American burial ground located in the countryside just beyond the city. This rural cemetery movement, which featured beautifully landscaped grounds and sculptural monuments, is documented by James R. Cothran and Erica Danylchak in Grave Landscapes: The Nineteenth-Century Rural Cemetery Movement. The movement began in Boston, where a group of reformers that included members of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society were grappling with the city's mounting burial crisis. Inspired by the naturalistic garden style and melancholy-infused commemorative landscapes that had emerged in Europe, the group established a burial ground outside of Boston on an expansive tract of undulating, wooded land and added meandering roadways, picturesque ponds, ornamental trees and shrubs, and consoling memorials. They named it Mount Auburn and officially dedicated it as a rural cemetery. This groundbreaking endeavor set a powerful precedent that prompted the creation of similarly landscaped rural cemeteries outside of growing cities first in the Northeast, then in the Midwest and South, and later in the West. These burial landscapes became a cultural phenomenon attracting not only mourners seeking solace, but also urbanites seeking relief from the frenetic confines of the city. Rural cemeteries predated America's public parks, and their popularity as picturesque retreats helped propel America's public parks movement. This beautifully illustrated volume features more than 150 historic photographs, stereographs, postcards, engravings, maps, and contemporary images that illuminate the inspiration for rural cemeteries, their physical evolution, and the nature of the landscapes they inspired. Extended profiles of twenty-four rural cemeteries reveal the cursive design features of this distinctive landscape type prior to the American Civil War and its evolution afterward. Grave Landscapes details rural cemetery design characteristics to facilitate their identification and preservation and places rural cemeteries into the broader context of American landscape design to encourage appreciation of their broader influence on the design of public spaces.

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Excerpt from A Gazetteer of Massachusetts: Containing Descriptions of All the Counties, Towns and Districts in the Commonwealth; Also, of Its Principal Mountains, Rivers, Capes, Bays, Harbors, Islands, and Fashionable Resorts In the preparation of this work the Editor has spared neither time, labor, nor expense, to render it both useful and interesting; and while he is aware that all works of the kind must necessarily contain errors, he feels a satisfaction in the consciousness of having done all in his power to sustain the character for accuracy which an indulgent public has kindly awarded to his former publications. Acknowledgements of deep gratitude are due to numerous individuals, for valuable facts of recent date, and to several authors of collections of historical events of olden time. From the works of Thacher, Felt, Barber, and others, from numerous county and town histories, and from Borden's excellent map of Massachusetts, much assistance has been derived. In many particulars the plan of this work is new: the descriptions of the counties and towns comprise their location, natural characteristics, general appearance, &c.; but those items of information common to all, such as population, valuation, schools, dates of incorporation, &c. &c., arc arranged alphabetically, in tabular form, thereby presenting many of the most important items, without crowding the whole together indiscriminately, and, as stated on page 320 in a "mode best for reference and comparison." The design of the work is to present to travellers and men of business the noble features and gigantic strength of the "Old Bay State," more particularly in its commercial and industrial relations; and should the exhibition prove agreeable and useful to its intelligent sons and daughters, one of the best wishes of the heart of the editor will be gratified. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

In August 1777, Peter Gansevoort, Jr., defended Fort Schuyler (also known as Fort Stanwix) during a three-week siege by 1,700 British soldiers, Tories and Indians commanded by Colonel Barry St. Leger. Gansevoort won the distinction of successfully resisting a British siege in a period when every other continental post in New York was either evacuated or surrendered. His valiant effort led to the American victory at the Battle of Saratoga, a crucial point of the war. Born to an affluent Dutch family in Albany County, New York, Gansevoort was active in several theaters of Revolutionary War operations, including General Montgomery's Canadian campaign (1775), the Champlain-Hudson-Mohawk Valley defense against Burgoyne's northern invasion (1776-1777), the Sullivan-Clinton campaign (1779) and the New York-Vermont insurrection (1781). After the war, he was active in both military and civic arenas, rising to the position of brigadier general of the U.S. Army in 1809. Before his death, he presided over General James Wilkinson's court-martial in 1811. This documentary edition provides 279 pieces of correspondence to and from Gansevoort (and a few others) from 1775 to 1812.

Beginning in 1924, Proceedings are incorporated into the Apr. number.

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